Industrial trucks—Safety requirements and verification—Part 1:Self-propelled industrial trucks, other than driverless trucks,variable-reach trucks and burden-carrier trucks
1 Scope
This part of GB 10827 gives safety requirements and the means for their verification for the following types of self-propelled industrial trucks (hereafter referred to as trucks), as defined in ISO 5053:
a) Industrial counterbalanced trucks;
b) Reach trucks with retractable mast or retractable fork arm carriage;
c) Straddle trucks;
d) Pallet-stacking trucks;
e) High-lift platform trucks;
f) Trucks with elevating operator position up to 1200 mm;
g) Side-loading trucks (one side only);
h) Lateral-stacking trucks (both sides), and lateral- and front-stacking trucks;
i) Pallet trucks;
j) Bidirectional and multidirectional trucks;
k) Tractors with a drawbar pull up to and including 20 000 N;
l) Rough-terrain counterbalanced trucks;
m) Industrial trucks powered by battery, diesel, gasoline or LPG (liquefied petroleum gas).
Note 1: Trucks powered by CNG (compressed natural gas) are not dealt with. It is intended that CNG and other power sources be addressed in future revisions of this part.
For trucks with an elevating operator position of more than 1 200 mm and/or trucks designed to travel with an elevated load of more than 1 200 mm, this part is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 3691-3.
Note 2: ISO 3691-3 is not applicable to counterbalanced fork lift trucks or trucks intended for container handling.
Note 3: Some low-level order pickers with an elevating operator's position up to and including 1200 mm lift height can be equipped with an additional lifting device to lift the load to a maximum lift height of 1800 mm.
This part is not applicable to self-propelled variable-reach trucks, driverless trucks or burden carriers, which are covered in ISO 3691-2, ISO 3691-4 and ISO 3691-6, respectively.
It is not applicable to industrial trucks operating in severe conditions (e.g. extreme climates, freezer applications, hazardous environments), where special precautions can be necessary.
This part deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events, as listed in Annex B, with the exception of the following, relevant to the applicable machines when used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer.
It does not establish requirements for hazards that can occur:
——during construction;
——when handling suspended loads that can swing freely;
——when using trucks on public roads;
——when operating in potentially explosive atmospheres;
——when using trucks in very narrow aisles with clearance of less than 500 mm to the racks;
——arising from a non-ergonomic body attitude when driving sit-on trucks, load trailing;
——during travelling with unladen trucks having a rated capacity of more than 10000kg, due to visibility concerns;
——due to overload.
Note 4: For the purposes of this part, fork arms, load platforms and integrated attachments are considered to be parts of the industrial truck. Attachments mounted on the load carrier or on the fork arms which are removable by the user are not considered to be part of the industrial truck. Requirements for attachments are given in the appropriate clauses.
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative documents (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 5143-2008 Industrial Trucks - Overhead Guards - Specification and Testing (ISO 6055: 2004, IDT)
GB/T 5169.16 - 2008 Fire Hazard Testing for Electric and Electronic Products - Part 16: Test Flames - 50W Horizontal and Vertical Flame Test Methods(IEC 60695-11-10: 2003, IDT)
GB/T 5184-2008 Fork-lift Trucks - Hook-on Type Fork Arms and Fork Arm Carriages - Mounting Dimensions(ISO 2328: 2007, IDT)
GB/T 7593-2008 Powered Industrial Trucks - Symbols for Operator Controls and Other Displays (ISO 3287: 1999, IDT)
GB/T 8420-2011 Earth-moving Machinery - Physical Dimensions of Operators and Minimum Operator Space Envelope (ISO 3411: 2007, IDT)
GB 10827.5-2013 Industrial Trucks - Safety Requirements and Verification - Part 5: Pedestrian-Propelled Trucks (ISO 3691-5: 1999, IDT)
GB/T 15706-2012 Safety of Machinery - General Principles for Design - Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction (ISO 12100: 2010, IDT)
GB 16754-2008 Safety of Machinery - Emergency Stop - Principles for Design (ISO 13850: 2006, IDT)
GB/T 16855.1-2008 Safety of Machinery - Safety-related Parts of Control Systems - Part 1: General Principles for Design (ISO 13849-1: 2006, IDT)
GB/T 17300-2010 Earth-moving Machinery - Access Systems (ISO 2867: 2006, IDT)
GB/T 18849-2011 Powered Industrial Trucks - Brake Performance and Component Strength (ISO 6292: 2008, IDT)
GB/T 22417-2008 Fork-Lift Trucks - Fork-Arm Extensions and Telescopic Fork Arms - Technical Characteristics and Strength Requirements(ISO 13284: 2003, IDT)
GB/T 22418-2008 Industrial Trucks - Additional Requirements for Automated Functions on Trucks (ISO 24134: 2006, IDT)
GB/T 22419-2008 Industrial Trucks - Specification for Indicator Lights for Container Handling and Grappler Arm Operations (ISO 15871: 2000, IDT)
GB/T 26560-2011 Powered Industrial Trucks--Safety Signs and Hazard Pictorials - General Principles (ISO 15870: 2000, IDT)
GB/T 26562-2011 Construction and Layout of Pedals of Self-propelled Sit-down Rider-controlled Industrial trucks - Rules for the Construction and Layout of Pedals (ISO 21281: 2005, IDT)
GB/T 26948.1-2011 Industrial Trucks - Specifications and Test Methods for Operator Restraint Systems - Part 1: Lap-type Seat Belts (ISO 24135-1: 2006, IDT)
GB/T 26949.1-2012 Industrial Trucks - Verification of Stability - Part 1: General(ISO 22915-1: 2008, IDT)
GB/T 26949.2-2013 Industrial Trucks - Verification of Stability - Part 2:Counterbalanced Trucks with Mast (ISO 22915-2: 2008, IDT)
GB/T 26949.3-2013 Industrial Trucks - Verification of Stability - Part 3: Reach and Straddle Trucks(ISO 22915-3: 2008, IDT)
GB/T 26949.10-2011 Industrial Trucks - Verification of Stability — Part 10: Additional Stability Test for Trucks Operating in the Special Condition of Stacking with Load Laterally Displaced by Powered Devices (ISO 22915-10: 2008, IDT)
GB/T 27544-2011 Industrial Trucks - Electrical Requirements (ISO 20898: 2008, IDT)
ISO 2330 Fork-lift Trucks - Fork Arms - Technical Characteristics and Testing
ISO 3691-3: —1) Industrial Trucks - Safety Requirements and Verification - Part 3: Additional Requirements for Trucks with Elevating Operator Position and Trucks Specifically designed to Travel with Elevated Loads
ISO 3795: 1989 Road Vehicles, and Tractors and Machinery for Agriculture and Forestry - Determination of Burning Behaviour of Interior Materials
ISO 5053 Powered Industrial Trucks - Terminology
ISO 13564-1: 2012 Powered Industrial Trucks - Test Methods for Verification of Visibility - Part 1: Sit-on and Stand-on Operator Trucks up to and Including 10 t Capacity
ISO 22915-4: 2009 Industrial Trucks - Verification of Stability - Part 4: Pallet Stackers, Double Stackers and Order-Picking Trucks with Operator Position Elevating up to and Including 1 200 mm Lift Height
ISO 22915-7: 2009 Industrial Trucks Verification of Stability - Part 7: Bidirectional and Multidirectional Trucks
ISO 22915-8: 2008 Industrial Trucks - Verification of Stability - Part 8: Additional Stability Test for Trucks Operating in the Special Condition of Stacking with Mast Tilted Forward and Load Elevated)
ISO 22915-11: 2011 Industrial Trucks - Verification of Stability - Part 11: Industrial Variable-reach Trucks
ISO 22915-20: 2008 Industrial Trucks - Verification of Stability - Part 20: Additional Stability Test for Trucks Operating in the Special Condition of Offset Load, Offset by Utilization
ISO 22915-21: 2009 Industrial Trucks - Verification of Stability - Part 21: Order-Picking Trucks with Operator Position Elevating Above 1200 mm
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5053 and GB/T 15706 and the following apply.
3.1
Self-propelled industrial truck
Wheeled vehicle having at least three wheels with a powered driving mechanism, except for those running on rails, designed either to carry, tow, push, lift, stack or tier in racks any kind of load and controlled by an operator (3.7).
Note: See ISO 5053 for a comprehensive terminology.
3.2
Pedestrian-controlled truck
Truck designed to be controlled by an operator (3.7) walking with the truck by means of, for example, a tiller or remote control.
Note: The truck may be equipped with a stand-on option.
3.3
Ride-on truck
Truck designed to be controlled by an operator (3.7) riding on a seat or a driving platform on the truck.
Note: Stand-on industrial trucks with a seat for the operator are considered as being stand-on trucks.
3.4
Low-lift truck
Truck having a lift height of 500 mm or less.
3.5
Bidirectional truck
Truck designed to travel in either direction on a line parallel with its longitudinal axis, or perpendicular to this axis.
Note: Adapted from ISO 5053:1987, 3.6.1.2.
3.6
Multidirectional truck
Truck designed to travel in any direction relative to its longitudinal axis.
Note: Adapted from ISO 5053:1987, 3.6.1.3.
3.7
Operator
Designated person, appropriately trained and authorized, who is responsible for the movement and load handling of an industrial truck.
Note 1: Depending on the truck type, the operator can be riding on the industrial truck, on foot accompanying the truck(e.g. tiller-, cable-controlled) or remote from the truck (e.g. remote radio-controlled).
Note 2: National regulations can apply.
3.8
Normal operating position
Position in which the operator is able to control all functions for driving and load handling as defined by the manufacturer.
Note: Additional positions are permitted to be defined by the manufacturer if it is not possible to control all the functions of the truck from a single position. A rotating seat or stand-up end-control truck with more than one operating direction is considered as being or having a single operating position.
3.9
Lift height
Vertical distance between the upper face of the fork blades or the lifting platform and the ground.
3.10
Lift height for travelling
Lifting height up to and including 500 mm providing sufficient ground clearance for travelling.
Note: It is identical to the maximum lift height for the stability test for travelling.
3.11
Low lift height
Maximum lift height up to and including 500 mm, where the vertical centre of gravity of the load does not exceed 1100 mm above the ground.
3.12
Automatically acting brakes
Mechanical brakes which automatically apply in the non-travelling condition until released by the control of the operator.
3.13
Lost load centre
Horizontal shift in the standard load centre that may occur when removable attachments are added to a truck.
Note: For standard load centre, see Annex A.
3.14
Actual capacity
Maximum load, expressed in kilograms, established by the manufacturer based on component strength and truck stability, that a truck can carry, lift and stack to a specified height, at a specified load centre distance and reach, if applicable, in normal operation.
Note: The actual capacity depends on the configuration of the truck, including variables such as the type and lift height of the mast fitted, the actual load centre and any attachments that might be fitted. This actual capacity defines the load-handling ability of the particular truck, as equipped. Additional actual capacity ratings with removable attachments can also be established where permitted by the appropriate stability tests or by calculation verified by empirical data.
3.15
Rated capacity
Maximum load, expressed in kilograms, established by the manufacturer based on component strength and truck stability, that the truck can carry, lift and stack to the standard lift height and at the standard position of the centre of gravity.
Note 1: For centre of gravity, see Annex A.
Note 2: If the lifting height of the mast is lower than the standard lift height, H, the rated capacity is still assessed at the standard lift height.
Note 3: The rated capacity is used to compare the capacity of different manufacturers' trucks and to provide the break points used in technical standards and statistics. The operating limits for the truck are defined by its actual capacity.
4 Safety Requirements and/or Protective Measures
4.1 General
4.1.1 Overall requirements
The truck shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective measures of this clause.
In addition, the truck shall be designed according to the principles of GB/T 15706 for relevant but not significant hazards which are not dealt with by this part.
4.1.2 Normal climatic conditions
For truck operation, the following climatic conditions apply:
——Average ambient temperature for continuous duty: +25℃;
——Maximum ambient temperature, short term (up to 1 h): +40℃;
——Lowest ambient temperature for trucks intended for use in normal indoor conditions: +5℃;
——Lowest ambient temperature for trucks intended for use in normal outdoor conditions: -20 ℃;
——Altitude: ≤ 2000m.
4.1.3 Normal operating conditions
Normal operating conditions are the following:
——Driving (travelling and lifting) on substantially firm, smooth, level and prepared surfaces - the surface conditions on which the truck is designed to operate shall be specified in the instruction handbook (see 6.2);
——Driving with the horizontal load centre of gravity approximately on the longitudinal centre plane of the truck;
——Travelling with the mast or fork arms tilted backwards, where applicable, and the load in the lowered (travel) position.
If the above is not sufficient to allow the conditions for stability of a particular truck type to be specified, then the operating conditions shall be according to the standard referenced for stability in 4.8.
4.1.4 Electrical requirements
Electrical requirements shall comply with GB/T 27544.
4.1.5 Edges or angles
There shall be no sharp edges or angles posing a hazard in the area of the operator in the normal operating position or in the area of access and egress during normal operation and daily checks.
4.1.6 Stored energy components
Components which store energy and that would cause a risk during removal or disassembly, e.g. hydraulic accumulator or spring-applied brakes, shall be provided with a means to release the energy before removal or disassembly.
4.2 Starting/moving
4.2.1 Unauthorized starting
Trucks shall be provided with a device (e.g. key, code, magnetic card) which prevents starting without its use.
Such devices for pedestrian-controlled and rider-controlled trucks manufactured by the same manufacturer shall not be interchangeable between the two truck types. Where devices, e.g. magnetic cards, are destined for an individual operator, one device may be used on both truck types but shall not allow starting by unauthorized persons.
4.2.2 Unintended movement and inadvertent activation
Truck movement from the holding position, other than by actuation of the controls by the operator, due to drift or creep (e.g. by leakage), shall be avoided.
4.2.2.1 Parking brakes
A parking brake complying with 4.3.1 shall be provided.
For sit-on rider trucks, the parking brake system shall be manually operable by hand or foot from the normal operating position or automatically applied by leaving the normal operating position. Trucks with only non-automatically applied parking brake(s) shall have a warning to the operator to apply the brakes before leaving the truck.
Failure of the control system of an automatically applied parking brake shall be indicated to the operator.
4.2.2.2 Internal-combustion-engine powered trucks
Internal-combustion-engine powered trucks shall be fitted with a device which prevents the engine being started while the transmission is engaged.
4.2.2.3 Travel controls
Travel controls on internal-combustion-engine powered trucks shall be so arranged that on level ground the truck will not move from rest until the transmission has been engaged.
4.2.2.4 Powered travel movement
Powered travel movement of the truck with a ride-on operator shall be possible only if the operator is in the normal operating position.
Powered travel shall not occur automatically when the operator returns to the normal operating position without an additional operation, e.g. by requiring a resetting of the direction control or reactivation of the speed control.
4.2.2.5 Manual gearbox and manually operated clutch pedal
A truck with an automotive-type manual gearbox and manually operated clutch pedal satisfies the requirements of 4.2.2.2 and 4.2.2.4.
4.2.3 Travel speed
4.2.3.1 Pedestrian-controlled trucks
Single-speed pedestrian-controlled trucks operating on level ground shall not exceed a travel speed of 4 km/h and an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2 and shall be designed for low-lift only.
Variable-speed pedestrian-controlled trucks operating on level ground shall be controllable by the operator to be aligned with their walking speed not exceeding 6 km/h.
4.2.3.2 Stand-on trucks and pedestrian-controlled trucks with foldable platform
The maximum speed on level ground of stand-on trucks and pedestrian-controlled trucks fitted with a foldable platform when the operator is on the platform shall not exceed 16 km/h.
For trucks with a foldable operator platform, see 4.7.3.3.
For trucks with stand-on options, see 4.7.3.2 and 4.7.3.4.
4.2.3.3 Travel with mast raised
There are no special requirements when the tracks travel with mast raised.
4.3 Brakes
4.3.1 General
All industrial trucks shall be designed with service and parking brakes. Brakes shall comply with GB/T 18849.
The parking brake shall be equipped with a system preventing unintentional release. The parking brake force shall be applied by mechanical means.
4.3.2 Failure of energy supply to service brake
Failure of the energy supply to the service brake shall not result in a total loss of braking and shall enable a controlled stop.
4.3.3 Stand-on and pedestrian-controlled trucks
Stand-on and pedestrian-controlled trucks shall be equipped with a brake system that will automatically engage upon release of the brake actuating control by the operator. This system may serve as the service and parking brake.
Foreword I
Introduction III
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terms and Definitions
4 Safety Requirements and/or Protective Measures
5 Verification of Safety Requirements and/or Protective Measures
6 Information for Use
Annex A (Normative) Determination of Driving Direction and Rated Capacity
Annex B (Informative) List of Significant Hazards
References
工業(yè)車輛 安全要求和驗(yàn)證
第1部分:自行式工業(yè)車輛(除無(wú)人
駕駛車輛、伸縮臂式叉車和載運(yùn)車)
1 范圍
GB 10827的本部分規(guī)定了如ISO 5053所定義的下列自行式工業(yè)車輛(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“車輛”)的安全要求及其驗(yàn)證方法:
a) 平衡重式叉車;
b) 前移式叉車(具有可伸縮的門架或貨叉架);
c) 插腿式叉車;
d) 托盤堆垛車;
e) 高起升平臺(tái)搬運(yùn)車;
f) 操作臺(tái)起升高度不大于1 200 mm的車輛;
g) 側(cè)面式叉車(單側(cè));
h) 側(cè)面堆垛式叉車(兩側(cè)和三向);
i) 托盤搬運(yùn)車;
j) 雙向和多向運(yùn)行叉車;
k) 牽引力不大于20 000N的牽引車;
l) 平衡重式越野叉車;
m) 其他以蓄電池、柴油、汽油或液化石油氣為動(dòng)力的工業(yè)車輛。
注1:本部分不適用于以壓縮天然氣為動(dòng)力的車輛,以壓縮天然氣和其他動(dòng)力源為動(dòng)力的車輛可能在將來修訂本部分時(shí)增加。
對(duì)于操作臺(tái)起升高度大于1 200 mm的車輛和/或帶著載荷起升至1 200 mm以上運(yùn)行的車輛,本部分應(yīng)與ISO 3691-3一起使用。
注2:ISO 3691-3不適用于平衡重式叉車或搬運(yùn)集裝箱的車輛。
注3:有些帶有起升高度不大于1 200 mm操作臺(tái)的低起升揀選車,可以安裝一個(gè)附加起升裝置,將載荷起升至1 800mm的最大起升高度的,可適用。
本部分不適用于自行式伸縮臂式叉車、無(wú)人駕駛車輛和載運(yùn)車,ISO 3691-2、ISO 3691-4和ISO 3691-6分別適用于這些車輛。
本部分不適用于在苛刻條件下(如極端天氣、冷庫(kù)應(yīng)用、危險(xiǎn)環(huán)境)工作的車輛,這些情況需要有特殊防護(hù)措施。
本部分涉及了除以下情形外,有關(guān)機(jī)械在制造商預(yù)期用途下使用和可預(yù)見條件下誤用的,如附錄B所列的所有重大危險(xiǎn)、危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)或危險(xiǎn)事件。
本部分不包括下列情況可能發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn):
——在制造過程中;
——搬運(yùn)能自由擺動(dòng)的懸吊載荷時(shí);
——在公路上使用時(shí);
——在潛在爆炸性環(huán)境中操作時(shí);
——在與貨架之間的單側(cè)間隙小于500 mm的狹窄通道上使用時(shí);
——駕駛拖曳載荷的坐駕式車輛時(shí),由于采用非人類工效學(xué)姿勢(shì)而引起;
——駕駛額定起重量大于10 000 kg的空載車輛時(shí),由于視野關(guān)系而引起;
——超載時(shí)。
注4:本部分中,貨叉、載貨平臺(tái)和整體式屬具都被看作是工業(yè)車輛的一部分。安裝在載貨平臺(tái)或貨叉上的可拆卸式屬具,不被看作是工業(yè)車輛的一部分。對(duì)屬具的要求見本部分相關(guān)條款規(guī)定。
2 規(guī)范性引用文件
下列文件對(duì)于本文件的應(yīng)用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件,僅注日期的版本適用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本(包括所有的修改單)適用于本文件。
GB/T 5143—2008 工業(yè)車輛 護(hù)頂架 技術(shù)要求和試驗(yàn)方法(ISO 6055:2004,IDT)
GB/T 5169.16—2008 電工電子產(chǎn)品著火危險(xiǎn)試驗(yàn) 第16部分:試驗(yàn)火焰 50 W水平與垂直火焰試驗(yàn)方法(IEC 60695-11-10:2003,IDT)
GB/T 5184—2008 叉車 掛鉤型貨叉和貨叉架 安裝尺寸(ISO 2328:2007,IDT)
GB/T 7593—2008 機(jī)動(dòng)工業(yè)車輛 駕駛員控制裝置及其他顯示裝置用符號(hào)(ISO 3287:1999,IDT)
GB/T 8420—2011 土方機(jī)械 司機(jī)的身材尺寸與司機(jī)的最小活動(dòng)空間(ISO 3411:2007,IDT)
GB 10827.5—2013 工業(yè)車輛 安全要求和驗(yàn)證 第5部分:步行式車輛(ISO 3691-5:1999,IDT)
GB/T 15706—2012 機(jī)械安全 設(shè)計(jì)通則 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減小(ISO 12100:2010,IDT)
GB 16754—2008 機(jī)械安全 急停 設(shè)計(jì)原則(ISO 13850:2006,IDT)
GB/T 16855.1—2008 機(jī)械安全 控制系統(tǒng)有關(guān)安全部件 第1部分:設(shè)計(jì)通則(ISO 13849-1:2006,IDT)
GB/T 17300—2010 土方機(jī)械 通道裝置(ISO 2867:2006,IDT)
GB/T 18849—2011 機(jī)動(dòng)工業(yè)車輛 制動(dòng)器性能和零件強(qiáng)度(ISO 6292:2008,IDT)
GB/T 22417—2008 叉車 貨叉叉套和伸縮式貨叉 技術(shù)性能和強(qiáng)度要求(ISO 13284:2003,IDT)
GB/T 22418—2008 工業(yè)車輛 車輛自動(dòng)功能的附加要求(ISO 24134:2006,IDT)
GB/T 22419—2008 工業(yè)車輛 集裝箱吊具和抓臂操作用指示燈技術(shù)要求(ISO 15871:2000,IDT)
GB/T 26560—2011 機(jī)動(dòng)工業(yè)車輛 安全標(biāo)志和危險(xiǎn)圖示 通則(ISO 15870:2000,IDT)
GB/T 26562—2011 自行式坐駕工業(yè)車輛踏板的結(jié)構(gòu)與布置 踏板的結(jié)構(gòu)與布置原則(ISO21281:2005,IDT)
GB/T 26948.1—2011 工業(yè)車輛駕駛員約束系統(tǒng)技術(shù)要求及試驗(yàn)方法 第1部分:腰部安全帶(ISO 24135-1:2006,IDT)
GB/T 26949.1—2012 工業(yè)車輛 穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證 第1部分:總則(ISO 22915-1:2008,IDT)
GB/T 26949.2—2013 工業(yè)車輛 穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證 第2部分:平衡重式叉車(ISO 22915-2:2008,IDT)
GB/T 26949.3—2013 工業(yè)車輛 穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證 第3部分:前移式和插腿式叉車(ISO 22915-3:2008,IDT)
GB/T 26949.10—2011 工業(yè)車輛 穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證 第10部分:在由動(dòng)力裝置側(cè)移載荷條件下堆垛作業(yè)的附加穩(wěn)定性試驗(yàn)(ISO 22915-10:2008,IDT)
GB/T 27544—2011 工業(yè)車輛 電氣要求(ISO 20898:2008,IDT)
ISO 2330 叉車 貨叉 技術(shù)要求和試驗(yàn)方法(Fork-lift trucks—Fork arms—Technical charac-terlstlcs and testing)
ISO 3691-3:—1) 工業(yè)車輛 安全要求和驗(yàn)證 第3部分:對(duì)帶有起升操作臺(tái)的車輛和專門設(shè)計(jì)為帶起升載荷運(yùn)行的車輛的附加要求(Industrial turcks—Safety requirements and verification— Part 3:Additional requirements for trucks with elevating operator position and trucks specifically de- signed to travel with elevated loads)
ISO 3795:1989 農(nóng)林用道路車輛、拖拉機(jī)和機(jī)械 內(nèi)部材料燃燒性能的測(cè)定(Road vehicles,and tractors and machinery for agricultrure and forestry—Determination of burning behaviour of interior materials)
ISO 5053 機(jī)動(dòng)工業(yè)車輛 術(shù)語(yǔ)(Powered industrial trucks—Terminology)
ISO 13564-1:2012 機(jī)動(dòng)工業(yè)車輛 驗(yàn)證視野的試驗(yàn)方法 第1部分:額定起重量不大于10 t的坐駕式和站駕式車輛(Powered industrial trucks—Test methods for verification of visibility—Part 1:Sit-on and stand-on operator trucks up to and including 10 t capacity)
ISO 22915-4:2009 工業(yè)車輛 穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證 第4部分:托盤堆垛車、雙層堆垛車和操作臺(tái)起升高度不大于1 200 mm的揀選車輛(Industrial trucks—Verification of stability—Part 4:Pallet stackers,double stackers and order-picking trucks with operator position elevating up to and including 1 200 mm lift height)
ISO 22915-7:2009 工業(yè)車輛 穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證 第7部分:雙向和多向運(yùn)行叉車(Industrial trucks Verification of stability—Part 7:Bidirectional and multidirectional trucks)
ISO 22915-8:2008 工業(yè)車輛 穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證 第8部分:在門架前傾和載荷提升條件下堆垛作業(yè)的附加穩(wěn)定性試驗(yàn)(Industrial trucks—Verification of stability—Part 8:Additional stability test for trucks operating in the special condition of stacking with mast tilted forward and load elevated)
ISO 22915-11:2011 工業(yè)車輛 穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證 第11部分:伸縮臂式叉車(Industrial trucks Verification of stability—Part 11:Industrial variable-reach trucks)
ISO 22915-20:2008 工業(yè)車輛 穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證 第20部分:載荷偏置條件下作業(yè)的附加穩(wěn)定性試驗(yàn)(Industrial trucks—Verification of stability—Part 20:Additional stability test for trucks operating in the special condition of offset load,offset by utilization)
ISO 22915-21:2009 工業(yè)車輛 穩(wěn)定性驗(yàn)證 第21部分:操作臺(tái)起升高度大于1 200 mm的揀選車輛(Industrial trucks—Verification of stability—Part 21:Order-picking trucks with operator position elevating above 1 200 mm)
3 術(shù)語(yǔ)和定義
ISO 5053和GB/T 15706界定的以及下列術(shù)語(yǔ)和定義適用于本文件。
3.1
自行式工業(yè)車輛self-propelled industrial truck
至少有3個(gè)車輪,并帶有動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置的輪式車輛(不包括那些在軌道上運(yùn)行的車輛),設(shè)計(jì)用來搬運(yùn)、牽引、推頂、起升、堆垛或在貨架上分層堆垛各種貨物,并由一個(gè)操作者(3.7)控制。
注:完整術(shù)語(yǔ)見ISO 5053。
3.2
步駕式車輛pedestrian-controlled truck
由一個(gè)以步行跟隨車輛的操作者(3.7)通過如舵柄或遙控裝置控制的車輛。
1) 即將出版。
注:這種車輛可備有站駕選項(xiàng)。
3.3
乘駕式車輛ride-on truck
由一個(gè)坐在座位上或站在操作平臺(tái)上的操作者(3.7)控制的車輛。
注:帶有操作者座椅的站駕式工業(yè)車輛屬于站駕式車輛。
3.4
低起升車輛low-lift truck
起升高度不大于500 mm的車輛。
3.5
雙向運(yùn)行車輛bidirectional truck
沿著與其縱向軸線平行或垂直方向運(yùn)行的車輛。
注:根據(jù)ISO 5053:1987中3.6.1.2改編。
3.6
多向運(yùn)行車輛 multidirectional truck
沿著相對(duì)于其縱向軸線的任一方向運(yùn)行的車輛。
注:根據(jù)ISO 5053:1987中3.6.1.3改編。
3.7
操作者operator
經(jīng)過相應(yīng)培訓(xùn)并取得資格,負(fù)責(zé)控制工業(yè)車輛運(yùn)行及載荷搬運(yùn)的專業(yè)人員。
注1:根據(jù)車輛的類型,操作者可以乘駕、步駕(如舵柄控制,電纜控制)或遙控(如無(wú)線電遙控)車輛。
注2:國(guó)家的法規(guī)可以適用。
3.8
正常操作位置normal operating position
操作者能按照制造商的規(guī)定控制所有運(yùn)行和載荷搬運(yùn)功能的位置。
注:如果在一個(gè)位置上不能控制車輛的全部功能,那么制造商可規(guī)定附加位置。具有一個(gè)以上操作方向的旋轉(zhuǎn)座椅或站駕式端部控制車輛也被視作具有一個(gè)操作位置。
3.9
起升高度lift height
貨叉水平段或升降平臺(tái)的上表面至地面之間的垂直距離。
3.10
運(yùn)行時(shí)的起升高度lift height for travelling
為運(yùn)行提供足夠離地間隙而提升的不大于500 mm的高度。
注:運(yùn)行時(shí)的起升高度等同于穩(wěn)定性試驗(yàn)中運(yùn)行時(shí)的最大起升高度。
3.11
低起升高度low lift height
最大起升高度不大于500 mm,此時(shí),載荷質(zhì)心與地面的垂直距離不超過1 100 mm。
3.12
自動(dòng)動(dòng)作制動(dòng)裝置automatically acting brakes
在非運(yùn)行條件下,除操作者將其釋放外,可自動(dòng)實(shí)施機(jī)械制動(dòng)的裝置。
3.13
失載中心距l(xiāng)ost load centre
將可拆卸式屬具安裝到車輛上時(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)載荷中心可能產(chǎn)生的水平位移。
注:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)載荷中心距見附錄A。
3.14
實(shí)際起重量actual capacity
由制造商根據(jù)零部件強(qiáng)度和車輛穩(wěn)定性確定的,車輛在正常運(yùn)行狀態(tài),特定的載荷中心距(如果需要亦可前伸)時(shí)能夠搬運(yùn)、起升和堆垛到特定高度的最大載荷(單位為千克)。
注:實(shí)際起重量取決于車輛的配置,它與所安裝門架的類型和起升高度、實(shí)際的載荷中心距以及安裝的屬具有關(guān)。該實(shí)際起重量規(guī)定了某一具體配置下的車輛的載荷搬運(yùn)能力。通過適當(dāng)?shù)姆€(wěn)定性試驗(yàn)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算校驗(yàn),可以確定車輛帶有可拆卸式屬具時(shí)的實(shí)際起重量值。
3.15
額定起重量rated capacity
由制造商根據(jù)零部件強(qiáng)度和車輛穩(wěn)定性確定的,車輛在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)載荷質(zhì)心位置時(shí)能夠搬運(yùn)、起升并堆垛到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起升高度的最大載荷(單位為千克)。
注1:質(zhì)心見附錄A。
注2:當(dāng)門架的起升高度低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起升高度H時(shí),仍按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起升高度確定額定起重量。
注3:額定起重量用來比較不同制造商所生產(chǎn)車輛的額定能力,并為技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和統(tǒng)計(jì)提供依據(jù)。車輛的操作極限由實(shí)際起重量決定。
4 安全要求和/或保護(hù)措施
4.1 概述
4.1.1 一般要求
車輛應(yīng)符合本章的安全要求和/或保護(hù)措施。
另外,對(duì)于本部分沒有涉及到的非重大危險(xiǎn),應(yīng)按GB/T 15706規(guī)定的原則進(jìn)行車輛設(shè)計(jì)。
4.1.2正常氣候條件
車輛作業(yè)時(shí)應(yīng)符合以下正常氣候條件:
——連續(xù)運(yùn)行條件下的平均環(huán)境溫度:+25℃;
——短期內(nèi)(不大于1 h)的最高環(huán)境溫度:+40℃;
——正常室內(nèi)條件下使用車輛時(shí)的最低環(huán)境溫度:+5℃;
——正常室外條件下使用車輛時(shí)的最低環(huán)境溫度:-20 ℃;
——海拔高度:不大于2 000 m。
4.1.3正常作業(yè)條件
正常作業(yè)條件如下:
——在堅(jiān)實(shí)、平整、水平和鋪設(shè)好的路面上行駛(包括運(yùn)行和起升),車輛設(shè)計(jì)作業(yè)的路面條件,應(yīng)在使用說明書中詳細(xì)說明(見6.2);
——行駛時(shí)載荷質(zhì)心應(yīng)大約位于車輛的縱向中心平面內(nèi);
——運(yùn)行時(shí)在可能的情況下,應(yīng)將門架或貨叉后傾,并應(yīng)使載荷處在較低的(運(yùn)行)位置。
如果上述各項(xiàng)還不能完全滿足某些類型車輛所規(guī)定的穩(wěn)定性要求,那么這些車輛的運(yùn)行條件應(yīng)符合4.8所述的穩(wěn)定性要求。
4.1.4電氣要求
電氣要求應(yīng)符合GB/T 27544的規(guī)定。
4.1.5邊或角
在操作者正常操作位置范圍,以及在正常作業(yè)和日常檢查時(shí)的出入范圍都不應(yīng)有造成危險(xiǎn)的銳邊或棱角。
4.1.6儲(chǔ)能部件
儲(chǔ)存能量并有可能在移動(dòng)或拆卸過程中造成危險(xiǎn)的部件,如液壓蓄能器或彈簧制動(dòng)裝置,應(yīng)采取措施在移動(dòng)或拆卸前先釋放其能量。
4.2啟動(dòng)/運(yùn)行
4.2.1 未經(jīng)許可的啟動(dòng)
車輛應(yīng)配備一種裝置(如鑰匙、密碼、磁卡),防止在沒有使用該裝置時(shí)車輛的啟動(dòng)。
對(duì)于由同一制造商生產(chǎn)的步駕式車輛和乘駕式車輛,其兩者的啟動(dòng)裝置應(yīng)不能互換。對(duì)于同一個(gè)操作者,一種啟動(dòng)裝置(如磁卡)可同時(shí)用于步駕式車輛和乘駕式車輛,但不允許未經(jīng)授權(quán)的其他人員進(jìn)行啟動(dòng)。
4.2.2意外的移動(dòng)/開動(dòng)
除非由操作者主動(dòng)操縱控制裝置,車輛應(yīng)避免從其鎖定位置移動(dòng),如滑行或蠕動(dòng)(因泄漏等)。
4.2.2.1停車制動(dòng)器
應(yīng)配備滿足4.3.1要求的停車制動(dòng)器。
對(duì)于坐駕式車輛,停車制動(dòng)器應(yīng)能在操作者處于正常操作位置時(shí)用手或腳操作,或操作者離開正常操作位置時(shí)自動(dòng)地實(shí)現(xiàn)制動(dòng)。只裝有非自動(dòng)停車制動(dòng)器的車輛,應(yīng)警示操作者在離開車輛前啟用停車制動(dòng)器。
自動(dòng)停車制動(dòng)器的控制系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障時(shí),應(yīng)能向操作者發(fā)出警示。
4.2.2.2 內(nèi)燃車輛
內(nèi)燃車輛應(yīng)配備一種裝置,當(dāng)傳動(dòng)裝置處于接合狀態(tài)時(shí),該裝置能防止發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)。
4.2.2.3 運(yùn)行控制
內(nèi)燃車輛的運(yùn)行控制裝置應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)成,只有傳動(dòng)裝置處于接合狀態(tài)后,車輛才能在水平路面上從靜止開始移動(dòng)。
4.2.2.4動(dòng)力運(yùn)行
只有當(dāng)操作者處于正常操作位置時(shí),乘駕式車輛才能進(jìn)行動(dòng)力運(yùn)行。
當(dāng)操作者回到正常操作位置,但沒有進(jìn)行如重新調(diào)整方向控制、激活速度控制等額外操作時(shí),動(dòng)力運(yùn)行不應(yīng)自動(dòng)發(fā)生。
4.2.2.5手動(dòng)變速箱和人工操作的離合踏板
帶有車用手動(dòng)變速箱和人工操作離合踏板的車輛應(yīng)符合4.2.2.2和4.2.2.4的要求。
4.2.3 運(yùn)行速度
4.2.3.1 步駕式車輛
在水平路面上行駛的單速步駕式車輛的運(yùn)行速度不應(yīng)超過4 km/h,加速度不應(yīng)超過0.5 m/s2,并且只應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)成低起升高度。
在水平路面上行駛的可調(diào)速步駕式車輛的運(yùn)行速度應(yīng)能被操作者調(diào)節(jié)到與其步行速度相匹配,不應(yīng)超過6 km/h。
4.2.3.2 站駕式車輛和帶有折疊式站板的步駕式車輛
在水平路面上行駛的站駕式車輛和帶有操作者站立其上的折疊式站板的步駕式車輛,其最大運(yùn)行速度不應(yīng)超過16 km/h。
帶有折疊式站板的車輛見4.7.3.3。
帶有站駕選項(xiàng)的車輛見4.7.3.2和4.7.3.4。
4.2.3.3帶著起升的門架運(yùn)行
車輛帶著起升的門架運(yùn)行時(shí),無(wú)特殊要求。
4.3 制動(dòng)裝置
4.3.1 概述
所有工業(yè)車輛都應(yīng)帶有行車制動(dòng)器和停車制動(dòng)器。制動(dòng)器應(yīng)符合GB/T 18849的規(guī)定。
停車制動(dòng)器應(yīng)配有防止意外釋放的裝置。停車制動(dòng)力應(yīng)通過機(jī)械裝置產(chǎn)生。
4.3.2行車制動(dòng)器的供能故障
行車制動(dòng)器的供能發(fā)生故障時(shí),不應(yīng)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)制動(dòng)失效,并應(yīng)能控制停車。
4.3.3站駕式和步駕式車輛
站駕式和步駕式車輛應(yīng)帶有一個(gè)制動(dòng)裝置,該裝置應(yīng)自動(dòng)閉合直到其被操作者釋放。該裝置可作為車輛的行車制動(dòng)器和停車制動(dòng)器。
4.4手動(dòng)控制裝置
4.4.1 概述
4.4.1.1 與車輛運(yùn)動(dòng)的一致性
控制裝置的動(dòng)作應(yīng)盡可能和車輛正在進(jìn)行的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向保持一致。控制裝置的操作應(yīng)被限制在車輛或舵柄的輪廓內(nèi)。
4.4.1.2多人操作
如果安裝了附加操作位置并有一個(gè)以上的操作者,則同一時(shí)間應(yīng)只能從一個(gè)操作位置操縱這些控制裝置,唯一的例外是緊急斷電開關(guān),從所有的操作位置都可以操縱此開關(guān)。
4.4.1.3多個(gè)操作位置
當(dāng)一個(gè)操作者有多個(gè)操作位置時(shí),在某一操作位置操縱控制裝置的同時(shí)應(yīng)排除從其他操作位置操縱的可能性。唯一的例外是緊急斷電開關(guān),從所有的操作位置都可以操縱此開關(guān)。
4.4.2運(yùn)行和制動(dòng)控制
4.4.2.1概述
速度操縱控制裝置的動(dòng)作應(yīng)被設(shè)計(jì)成運(yùn)行速度隨著控制裝置行程的增加而增加。當(dāng)控制裝置被釋放時(shí),它應(yīng)自動(dòng)回到零位。
4.4.2.2坐駕式車輛
用踏板操縱運(yùn)行和制動(dòng)控制裝置的車輛應(yīng)符合GB/T 26562的規(guī)定。
4.4.2.3站駕式車輛
站駕式車輛的運(yùn)行和制動(dòng)控制裝置應(yīng)符合下列要求:
a)運(yùn)行控制功能
——當(dāng)采用舵柄時(shí),舵柄上應(yīng)裝有控制運(yùn)行方向和速度的控制裝置;
——當(dāng)采用方向盤或類似控制裝置時(shí),運(yùn)行方向和速度控制裝置應(yīng)位于方向盤附近。行車制動(dòng)器在下列情況下,應(yīng)自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)制動(dòng)功能:
——如果制動(dòng)器是由舵柄操縱的,當(dāng)舵柄被釋放時(shí);
——如果制動(dòng)器是由運(yùn)行控制裝置操縱的,當(dāng)運(yùn)行控制裝置被釋放時(shí);
——如果制動(dòng)器是由腳操縱的,當(dāng)踏板被釋放時(shí);
——如果制動(dòng)器是由手操縱的,當(dāng)手柄被操作時(shí)。
b) 操作臺(tái)起升高度不大于1 200 mm的車輛
當(dāng)操作臺(tái)的起升高度超過500 mm時(shí),應(yīng)提供措施防止車輛的運(yùn)行,除非控制裝置可以和操作臺(tái)一起起升。
4.4.2.4步駕式車輛
對(duì)步駕式車輛的要求如下:
a) 舵柄上應(yīng)配備運(yùn)行方向和運(yùn)行速度的控制裝置;
b) 當(dāng)舵柄被釋放時(shí),它應(yīng)能自動(dòng)返回至高位靜止位置,切斷運(yùn)行方向的牽引動(dòng)力并閉合制動(dòng)器;
c) 當(dāng)舵柄處在低位時(shí),運(yùn)行方向的牽引動(dòng)力應(yīng)被切斷,并且制動(dòng)器應(yīng)閉合;
d)舵柄應(yīng)配備一種裝置,當(dāng)其頭部在操作位置與固體物(如操作者的身體)接觸時(shí),能促使車輛朝遠(yuǎn)離操作者的方向運(yùn)行,直到該裝置上的壓力被解除或?qū)嵤┲苿?dòng)使車輛停下。
4.4.2.5差速鎖
車輛運(yùn)行過程中應(yīng)能解開差速鎖。
對(duì)于帶有踏板控制差速鎖的車輛,踩下踏板應(yīng)能鎖住差速鎖,釋放踏板時(shí)應(yīng)能解開差速鎖。
4.4.2.6 從車輛外部進(jìn)行的附加操作
對(duì)于坐駕式或站駕式車輛和牽引車,如果具有操作者從車輛外部進(jìn)行運(yùn)行控制的功能,則從外部操作車輛時(shí),其運(yùn)行速度不應(yīng)大于6 km/h。這些控制裝置可以附加在車輛上或采用遙控的方式。這種外部操作系統(tǒng)可以被設(shè)計(jì)成通過一個(gè)單獨(dú)的開關(guān)起作用或當(dāng)操作者離開正常操作位置自動(dòng)起作用。
a) 概述
1) 當(dāng)車外控制裝置被釋放時(shí),驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置應(yīng)自動(dòng)關(guān)閉,制動(dòng)器應(yīng)自動(dòng)閉合。應(yīng)排除從車內(nèi)操作位置同時(shí)進(jìn)行操作的可能;
2) 安裝在車輛外部的控制裝置應(yīng)安全可靠,以防意外激活。
b) 采用電纜連接的遠(yuǎn)程控制裝置的附加要求
1) 電纜的長(zhǎng)度和布置應(yīng)能使操作者在車輛危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域之外進(jìn)行操作,并能夠看清運(yùn)行的道路。電纜應(yīng)不會(huì)纏繞到車輪上。
2)對(duì)于便攜式控制面板,應(yīng)防止運(yùn)行控制元件被意外操作,緊急制動(dòng)按鈕除外。便攜式控制面板應(yīng)安裝符合GB 16754規(guī)定的緊急制動(dòng)按鈕。
c)無(wú)線控制的附加要求
1) 傳輸范圍應(yīng)足夠以便讓操作者在車輛危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域之外進(jìn)行操作,并能夠看清運(yùn)行的道路;
2) 對(duì)于便攜式控制面板,應(yīng)防止運(yùn)行控制元件被意外操作,緊急制動(dòng)按鈕除外;
3) 可靠度等級(jí)應(yīng)至少為10-9,漢明距離(代碼間距)應(yīng)為2;遙控裝置應(yīng)符合GB/T 16855.1的規(guī)定,性能等級(jí)(PL)c;
4) 當(dāng)車輛在操作者的直接視野(90°)之外和/或在遙控范圍之外,車輛應(yīng)自動(dòng)停車;
5) 當(dāng)一輛以上的車輛同時(shí)在遙控狀態(tài)下運(yùn)行時(shí),控制不應(yīng)相互干擾。
d) 帶牽引裝置車輛的附加要求
1) 控制裝置(如后接觸裝置)應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)成操作者在操作時(shí)不需要在車輛和拖車之問走動(dòng);
2) 后接觸裝置應(yīng)確保可靠,不會(huì)發(fā)生意外操作;
3) 當(dāng)操作后接觸裝置時(shí),車輛的運(yùn)行速度不應(yīng)超過2.5 km/h。
4.4.2.7在步駕式和站駕式車輛邊緣位置時(shí)的附加操作
操作者步行在步駕式和站駕式車輛旁進(jìn)行的附加操作,應(yīng)只有在車輛朝著載荷端的反方向運(yùn)行時(shí)才可以。
只有當(dāng)車輛靜止時(shí),才能從車輛外部激活運(yùn)行控制裝置。
當(dāng)從車輛外部操縱運(yùn)行控制裝置時(shí),速度不應(yīng)超過4 km/h。當(dāng)運(yùn)行控制裝置被釋放時(shí),制動(dòng)器應(yīng)自動(dòng)閉合。
4.4.3轉(zhuǎn)向控制
4.4.3.1轉(zhuǎn)向
轉(zhuǎn)向應(yīng)符合以下要求:
a) 站駕式或坐駕式車輛向前運(yùn)行時(shí),順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向盤或?qū)D(zhuǎn)向控制裝置的等同操作應(yīng)使車輛右轉(zhuǎn);
b) 對(duì)于操作者控制位置的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)范圍大于90°的車輛,或具有兩個(gè)控制位置的車輛,為了便于操作者面對(duì)兩個(gè)相反的方向,順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向盤或?qū)D(zhuǎn)向控制裝置的等同操作,應(yīng)使車輛從新的位置向前看時(shí)右轉(zhuǎn),即轉(zhuǎn)向控制傳感器翻轉(zhuǎn)了一個(gè)超過90°的角度,以便使操作者面對(duì)相反的方向;
c) 對(duì)于能夠360°連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)向的車輛,即轉(zhuǎn)向/驅(qū)動(dòng)輪可以在360°范圍內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)以推動(dòng)車輛沿著轉(zhuǎn)向控制裝置所選定的方向運(yùn)行的車輛,當(dāng)這種車輛向前運(yùn)行時(shí),應(yīng)按照4.4.3.1a)的方式操作;
d) 裝有舵柄的步駕式車輛向前運(yùn)行時(shí),順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)舵柄應(yīng)使車輛右轉(zhuǎn);
e)此外,用戶有需求時(shí),端部控制的車輛可安裝“反向轉(zhuǎn)向”,即順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向控制裝置將使車輛左轉(zhuǎn)。此種車輛應(yīng)被清楚地標(biāo)識(shí)。
4.4.3.2供能故障
如果轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)發(fā)生供能故障(包括電動(dòng)機(jī)或發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)故障),車輛應(yīng)盡可能保持其當(dāng)前行駛方向,直至被控制后停車。
4.4.4載荷裝卸控制
4.4.4.1 控制裝置
當(dāng)控制裝置被釋放時(shí),其應(yīng)自動(dòng)回到中位,并停止相應(yīng)的載荷移動(dòng)。當(dāng)使用一組單一功能的操縱桿時(shí),除了裝有伸縮門架或貨叉的前移式叉車外,離操作者最近的操縱桿應(yīng)控制起升和下降,第二近的操縱桿應(yīng)控制傾斜功能,第三近的操縱桿應(yīng)控制側(cè)移功能,第四近的操縱桿將控制輔助功能。單一功能操縱桿或手柄的布置順序和移動(dòng)方向見表1。
當(dāng)在裝有伸縮門架或貨叉的前移式叉車上使用一組單一功能的操縱桿時(shí),離操作者最近的操縱桿應(yīng)控制起升和下降,第二近的操縱桿應(yīng)控制門架或貨叉的移動(dòng),第三近的操縱桿應(yīng)控制傾斜功能,第四近的操縱桿應(yīng)控制側(cè)移功能,第五近的操縱桿將控制輔助功能。
安裝了由動(dòng)力承載的屬具(如紙卷夾)的車輛,其控制屬具的操縱桿應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)成需要一個(gè)輔助的動(dòng)作才能起作用,以防止載荷被意外釋放。
表1 單一功能操縱桿或手柄的布置順序和移動(dòng)方向
功能(按布置順序排列) 移動(dòng)方向
載荷或設(shè)備的運(yùn)動(dòng) 面對(duì)載荷操縱控制手柄時(shí)
操作者手的主要?jiǎng)幼?起升 向上
向下 向后或向上
向前或向下
前移 縮回
伸出 向后
向前
傾斜 向后
向前 向后或向上
向前或向下
側(cè)移 向右
向左 向后或向上
向前或向下
推拉 向后
向前 向后
向前
橫向旋轉(zhuǎn) 順時(shí)針
逆時(shí)針 向后或向上
向前或向下
縱向旋轉(zhuǎn) 向后
向前 向后或向上
向前或向下
載荷穩(wěn)定器 向下
向上 向后或向上
向前或向下
貨叉位置 合攏
分開 向后或向上
向前或向下
把手 嚙合
釋放 向后或向上
向前或向下
車輛穩(wěn)定器 上升
下降 向后或向上
向前或向下
夾具 夾緊
釋放 向后或向上
向前或向下
4.4.4.2手動(dòng)起升系統(tǒng)
手操作力以及手動(dòng)操作起升系統(tǒng)手柄外形的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)符合GB 10827.5的規(guī)定。
4.4.5多功能控制裝置
當(dāng)控制裝置被設(shè)計(jì)和構(gòu)造成能完成一個(gè)以上的功能時(shí),每一單獨(dú)功能都應(yīng)作出清晰的標(biāo)志。每一控制功能被釋放時(shí),都應(yīng)自動(dòng)回到中位,并停止相應(yīng)的載荷移動(dòng)。
4.4.6 自動(dòng)功能控制裝置
自動(dòng)功能控制裝置應(yīng)符合GB/T 22418的規(guī)定。
4.4.7標(biāo)志
標(biāo)志控制裝置的圖形符號(hào)應(yīng)符合6.3.1.4的要求。
4.5動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)及其附件
4.5.1 排氣和冷卻系統(tǒng)
4.5.1.1 排氣系統(tǒng)
排氣系統(tǒng)應(yīng)按4.7.6設(shè)計(jì)成能夠?qū)l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排出的廢氣引離操作者位置。排氣系統(tǒng)附近應(yīng)使用非易燃的原材料,并且所使用的原材料應(yīng)經(jīng)過挑選和受到保護(hù),使其不會(huì)受到來自于排氣系統(tǒng)熱源的不良影響。
4.5.1.2冷卻系統(tǒng)
冷卻系統(tǒng)氣流的布置應(yīng)避免引起操作者的不適。
4.5.2燃油箱
4.5.2.1燃油箱的隔離
如果燃油箱放在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙內(nèi)或靠近發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙,就有可能產(chǎn)生過高的溫度,應(yīng)采用適當(dāng)?shù)谋Wo(hù)措施(如單獨(dú)的封罩或擋板)使燃油箱和/或加油設(shè)備與電氣系統(tǒng)和排氣系統(tǒng)隔開。燃油箱的位置及加油設(shè)備應(yīng)確保外溢或漏出的燃油不會(huì)流到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、司機(jī)室或電氣系統(tǒng)、排氣系統(tǒng)的零部件上。
4.5.2.2燃油的溢出
在正常作業(yè)條件下,燃油不應(yīng)溢出。
4.5.3發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙和其他隔間的入口
4.5.3.1 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩
當(dāng)關(guān)閉發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),根據(jù)制造商的推薦進(jìn)行日常保養(yǎng)時(shí),封閉的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙應(yīng)能滿足風(fēng)扇的防護(hù)要求。如果發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)停機(jī)后,風(fēng)扇能夠啟動(dòng)(如通過溫度開關(guān)),則風(fēng)扇應(yīng)加防護(hù)裝置。應(yīng)提供安全警示標(biāo)志,并將這一標(biāo)志寫入使用說明書(見6.2)。警示標(biāo)志應(yīng)符合6.3.3.4的要求。
如果車輛下端至水平地面的通道間距小于600 mm,則可認(rèn)為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)下側(cè)的通道已得到防護(hù)。
4.5.3.2 意外關(guān)閉
由于意外的關(guān)閉會(huì)造成傷害,應(yīng)在罩殼處(如牽引蓄電池或發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩)提供防止意外關(guān)閉的裝置。這些裝置應(yīng)被永久地固定在車輛上或安裝在車輛的安全處。
4.5.4液化石油氣(LPG)車輛
4.5.4.1 容器
液化石油氣車輛的容器應(yīng)符合下列要求:
a)LPG容器應(yīng)既可以永久固定在車輛上,也可以是可拆卸的;
b) 可拆式LPG容器應(yīng)便于拆裝,并且在更換完容器后,便于檢查其安裝情況;
c)裝有安全閥的可拆式LPG容器,其安裝在車輛上的位置應(yīng)使閥的開口始終與容器頂部的汽化空間相通,可通過使用定位銷的方法來實(shí)現(xiàn)容器的正確定位;
d)LPG容器應(yīng)牢固安裝在車輛上,以防止其移動(dòng);固定裝置應(yīng)能承受沿任一方向4倍的滿裝容器重量的靜載荷,而不會(huì)發(fā)生永久性的明顯變形;
e) 在將LPG容器固定在車輛上時(shí),應(yīng)設(shè)法減少磨損、震動(dòng)以及被車輛所搬運(yùn)的物品腐蝕;
f)LPG容器及其連接部件應(yīng)安裝在車輛的平面輪廓之內(nèi);
g) 如果LPG容器被安裝在隔間內(nèi),那么隔間的底部應(yīng)有永久性通氣孔,這些通氣孔的總表面積應(yīng)至少為200 cm2,以保持足夠的通風(fēng);
h) 如果車輛上還裝有附加LPG容器,它應(yīng)采用與主容器相同的方式進(jìn)行固定;
i)對(duì)于LPG容器,無(wú)論是固定式的還是可拆式的,都應(yīng)裝有一個(gè)能防止氣體或液體意外泄漏(如管路系統(tǒng)破裂時(shí))的裝置,該裝置不應(yīng)使安全閥失效;
j) 當(dāng)按照制造商的規(guī)定使用時(shí),應(yīng)防止LPG容器上的管接頭和附件的機(jī)械損傷;
k)LPG容器的燃料出口應(yīng)有一個(gè)能夠方便快捷操縱的手動(dòng)閥,并在閥的手柄或者車輛外部靠近閥的位置清楚地標(biāo)示出閥的位置和操作方法;
1) 除非LPG容器和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)被特殊設(shè)計(jì)成直接排氣的,否則燃料都應(yīng)以液體的形式排出;
m) 由用戶加燃料的永久固定式LPG容器都應(yīng)具備下列裝置:
1) 與容器的汽化空間相通的安全閥,當(dāng)容器裝在車輛的隔間里時(shí),安全閥的排氣端應(yīng)用管路接到大氣中而遠(yuǎn)離操作者,并按照4.5.4.3d)的規(guī)定排出氣體;
2) 一個(gè)充裝80%時(shí)停止供給的燃料截止閥;
3) 最高液位指示器應(yīng)適合所用的液化石油氣,并標(biāo)示出不會(huì)排放到大氣中的最高液位;
n)LPG容器應(yīng)布置在不會(huì)受到熱源損害的地方,特別是來自發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或排氣系統(tǒng)的熱量。如果需要安裝熱源防護(hù)裝置,應(yīng)不限制通風(fēng)。
4.5.4.2管路
液化石油氣車輛的管路應(yīng)符合下列要求:
a) 連接管路和所有相關(guān)部件應(yīng)易于接近,并加以防護(hù),以防過度的熱輻射、磨損和損壞。他們還應(yīng)有足夠的韌性,以承受使用中的振動(dòng)和變形。如:
——管路系統(tǒng)的布置應(yīng)易于發(fā)現(xiàn)損壞或滲漏并便于檢查和維修;
——管路的安裝應(yīng)使其不致受到車輛高溫部件過度熱輻射而損壞;
——容器和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上部件問的連接管路不應(yīng)采用完全剛性的管子;
——管路的布置不應(yīng)超出車輛的輪廓線。
b) 在大于1bar2)壓力下工作的軟管,應(yīng)至少每隔500 mm加一個(gè)支承。剛性管應(yīng)至少每隔600 mm加一個(gè)支承。
c) 在大于1 bar壓力下工作的軟管、硬管和所有接頭,應(yīng)能適用于25 bar的工作壓力,并能承受75 bar的試驗(yàn)壓力而不破裂。在小于1 bar壓力下工作的軟管、硬管和所有接頭,應(yīng)能承受最大工作壓力5倍的試驗(yàn)壓力而不破裂。
d) 在兩個(gè)可能關(guān)閉的截止閥之間含有液態(tài)液化石油氣的管路的所有區(qū)段,壓力都不應(yīng)超過其部件的額定工作壓力,必要時(shí),應(yīng)安裝卸壓閥或采用其他適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ā? e)不應(yīng)使用鋁管。
f)軟管應(yīng)盡可能短。
g) 在1 bar以上壓力下工作的管接頭應(yīng)采用金屬制造,密封墊圈除外。
2) 1 bar=0.1 MPa=0.1 N/mm2=105 N/m2。
4.5.4.3設(shè)備
液化石油氣車輛的設(shè)備應(yīng)符合下列要求:
a) 當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),不論點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)是否已被切斷,液化石油氣的供給應(yīng)自動(dòng)切斷;
b) 在使用多種燃料的情況下,系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)避免液化石油氣進(jìn)入任何其他燃料容器中的可能性,并且在接通一種燃料之前,應(yīng)切斷其他燃料的供給;
c) 如果車輛裝有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的容器來提供燃料,應(yīng)采用一個(gè)切換閥或其他適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒▉磉B接這些容器,以便一次只能從一個(gè)容器中獲得液化石油氣,不應(yīng)同時(shí)使用兩個(gè)或多個(gè)容器;
d)所安裝的安全閥或液位指示器不應(yīng)把排放物排向操作者或排放到可能是點(diǎn)火源的車輛部件上;
e) 如果某一部件的腐蝕會(huì)影響其正常功能,那么該部件應(yīng)涂以防腐層;
f)燃料系統(tǒng)的所有部件都應(yīng)牢固地連接在車輛上;
g) 減壓閥的位置應(yīng)便于檢查和維護(hù);
h) 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)艙應(yīng)按4.5.4.1 g)設(shè)計(jì)以避免任何LPG的堆積。
4.5.4.4 區(qū)域性要求
除GB 10827的本部分外,液化石油氣車輛無(wú)特殊要求。