標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編號:	GB/T 16453.1-2008
中文名稱:	水土保持綜合治理 技術(shù)規(guī)范 坡耕地治理技術(shù)
英文名稱:	Technical specification for comprehensive control of soil and water conservation - Technique for erosion control of slope land
中標(biāo)分類:	B11    土壤、水土保持
行業(yè)分類:	GB    國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
ICS分類:	13.080 13.080    土質(zhì)、土壤學(xué) 13.080
發(fā)布機(jī)構(gòu):	國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化委員會 國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局
發(fā)布日期:	1996-6-25
實(shí)施日期:	2009-2-1
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀態(tài):	valid
替代舊標(biāo)準(zhǔn):	GB/T 16453.1-1996 水土保持綜合治理 技術(shù)規(guī)范 坡耕地治理技術(shù)
翻譯語言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符數(shù):	15000 字
翻譯價(jià)格(元):	900.0
交付時(shí)間:	付款后 1 個(gè)工作日

Comprehensive control of soil and water conservation - Technical specification -Technique for erosion control of slope land 1 Scope This part of GB/T 16453 specifies the classification, applicable conditions, and specific methods for implementing soil and water conservation tillage and terracing on slope land. This part is applicable to water-eroded areas and areas where water erosion and wind erosion are intertwined throughout the country. 2 Normative references The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this part of GB/T 16453, constitute provisions of this part. For dated references, subsequent amendments to (excluding correction to), or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. GB/T 16453.4-2008 Technical specification for comprehensive control of soil and water conservation - Small engineering of store, drainage and draw water 3 Basic requirements 3.1 Soil and water conservation tillage 3.1.1 Soil and water conservation tillage is a tillage method designed to enhance soil erosion resistance, conserve soil and water, mitigate soil erosion, and boost crop yields on slope land. It involves implementing various measures such as altering microtopography, increasing ground plant cover, and enhancing soil infiltration based on agricultural practices carried out annually. And it can be classified into the following four types: Type I, it involves altering microtopography for soil and water conservation, and mainly includes practices such as contour tillage, ridge and furrow planting, pot-hollowing (burrowing) planting, drought-resistant and high-yielding furrows, and contour furrows in fallow lands. Type II, it involves increasing ground plant cover for soil and water conservation, and mainly includes practices such as grass and cropping rotation, intercropping, interplanting, strip intercropping, rational close planting, sowing green manure in fallow lands and so on. Type III, which is a type of soil and water conservation tillage aimed at improving soil infiltration and enhancing soil erosion resistance, mainly involves practices like deep ploughing, subsoiling, increase organic manure fertilizer application, stubble sowing and so on. Type IV, which is a type of soil and water conservation tillage aimed at reducing soil evaporation, mainly involves practices like plastic film mulching and straw mulching. 3.1.2 Before implementing soil and water conservation tillage, comprehensive planning shall be carried out at small watershed level to effectively manage slope land in its entirety. Various types of terraces shall be set up based on conditions such as different topography, soil quality, and rainfall, and then soil conservation tillage shall be carried out and small slope-specific storage and drainage works shall be constructed accordingly. For slope land with a gradient below 25° that has not been terraced, soil conservation tillage shall be adopted. 3.1.3 While adopting soil conservation tillage, small-scale slope-specific storage and drainage facilities shall be provided on the inner as well as outer sides of the upper part of the slope land to prevent external water from entering. 3.1.4 The specific practices and relevant specifications and dimensions of various soil conservation tillage have different adaptation conditions; thus, they shall be determined reasonably based on the varying topography, soil quality, rainfall, and agricultural practices in different regions, tailored to local conditions. 3.2 Terrace 3.2.1 Depending on the different ground gradients, terraces can be divided into steep slope terraces and gentle slope terraces. Depending on the different materials used for making the field ridges, terraces can be divided into earth ridge terraces, stone ridge terraces, and plant ridge terraces. Depending on the different sections of terraces, they can be divided into bench terraces, sloping terraces, interval terraces, and back-slope terraces (see Figure 1). Depending on the different purposes of terraces, they can be divided into dry crop terraces, rice terraces, orchard terraces, tea garden terraces, rubber plantation terraces, etc. Figure 1 Schematic diagram for the sections of three types of terraces 3.2.2 Comprehensively plan the management of slope land by taking small watersheds as the unit. Then, determine applicable practices based on specific conditions, such as constructing terraces, adopting soil conservation tillage, or providing small slope-specific storage and drainage works. For areas to be developed as terraced areas, specific planning for terraces shall be carried out. Based on this, design and construction shall be carried out accordingly. 3.2.3 When the slopes above the terraces are slope lands or waste lands, small-scale slope-specific storage and drainage facilities shall be arranged to prevent surface runoff from entering the terraced area. Small-scale storage and drainage facilities shall also be arranged in terraced areas in southern China, so as to properly manage excess rainwater and ensure the safety of the terraces. The technical requirements for small-scale slope-specific storage and drainage facilities are as specified in GB/T 16453.4. Generally, the criteria for safeguarding terraces against rainstorms shall be established against a 10-year maximum rainfall, lasting for a duration of 3 to 6 hours. In arid and semi-arid regions, the criteria may be established against a 20-year maximum rainfall, lasting for a duration of 3 to 6 hours. Depending on the rainfall characteristics of each region, locally prevalent short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events that are most likely to cause severe soil erosion and water loss shall be considered.

Foreword I Introduction III 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Basic requirements 4 The first type of soil and water conservation tillage 5 The second type of soil and water conservation tillage 6 The third type of soil and water conservation tillage 7 The fourth type of soil and water conservation tillage 8 Terrace layout 9 Terrace design 10 Construction of terraces 11 Terrace management Annex A (Informative) Reference values for section dimensions of bench terraces

水土保持綜合治理 技術(shù)規(guī)范 坡耕地治理技術(shù) 1 范圍 GB/T 16453的本部分規(guī)定了坡耕地上采取保水保土耕作及修梯田的分類、適用條件和具體方法。 本部分適用于全國各地水蝕地區(qū)和水蝕與風(fēng)蝕交錯(cuò)地區(qū)。 2 規(guī)范性引用文件 下列文件中的條款通過GB/T 16453的本部分的引用而成為本部分的條款。凡是注日期的引用文件，其隨后所有的修改單(不包括勘誤的內(nèi)容)或修訂版均不適用于本部分，然而，鼓勵(lì)根據(jù)本部分達(dá)成協(xié)議的各方研究是否可使用這些文件的最新版本。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本適用于本部分。 GB/T 16453.4—2008 水土保持綜合治理 技術(shù)規(guī)范 小型蓄排引水工程 3 基本規(guī)定 3.1 保水保土耕作 3.1.1 保水保土耕作是一種耕作方法，是在坡耕地上結(jié)合每年農(nóng)事耕作，采取各類改變微地形或增加地面植物被覆，或增加土壤入滲，提高土壤抗蝕性能，以保水保土，減輕土壤侵蝕，提高作物產(chǎn)量為目的。可分為以下4類方法： 第一類，改變微地形的保水保土耕作，主要有等高耕作、溝壟種植、掏缽(穴狀)種植、抗旱豐產(chǎn)溝、休閑地水平犁溝等。 第二類，增加地面植物被覆的保水保土耕作，主要有草田輪作、間作、套種、帶狀間作、合理密植、休閑地上種綠肥等。 第三類，增加土壤入滲、提高土壤抗蝕性能的保水保土耕作，主要有深耕、深松、增施有機(jī)肥、留茬播種等。 第四類，減少土壤蒸發(fā)的保水保土耕作，主要有地膜覆蓋、秸稈覆蓋等。 3.1.2 在實(shí)施保水保土耕作之前，應(yīng)以小流域?yàn)閱卧M(jìn)行坡耕地治理的全面規(guī)劃。根據(jù)不同的地形、土質(zhì)、降雨等條件，分別設(shè)置各類梯田，實(shí)行保土耕作和建設(shè)坡面小型蓄排水工程。對25°以下未修梯田的坡耕地，采用保土耕作。 3.1.3 采用保土耕作的同時(shí)，在坡耕地內(nèi)部及其上部外側(cè)，尚需設(shè)置坡面小型蓄排工程，防止外水進(jìn)入。 3.1.4 每一保土耕作的具體作法與有關(guān)規(guī)格尺寸，各有其不同的適應(yīng)條件，應(yīng)根據(jù)各地不同的地形、土質(zhì)、降雨和農(nóng)事耕作情況，因地制宜，合理確定。 3.2 梯田 3.2.1 根據(jù)地面坡度不同，可分為陡坡區(qū)梯田與緩坡區(qū)梯田。根據(jù)田坎建筑材料不同，可分為土坎梯田、石坎梯田和植物坎梯田等。根據(jù)梯田的斷面形式不同，可分為水平梯田、坡式梯田、隔坡梯田和反坡梯田等，(見圖1)。根據(jù)梯田的用途不同，分旱作物梯田、水稻梯田、果園梯田、茶園梯田、橡膠園梯田等。 水平梯田 坡式梯田 隔坡梯田 反坡角度一般≤2° 反坡梯田 圖1 三類梯田斷面示意圖 3.2.2 以小流域?yàn)閱卧M(jìn)行坡耕地治理的全面規(guī)劃，根據(jù)不同條件，分別確定采取梯田、保土耕作法和坡面小型蓄排水工程。對其中確定為梯田區(qū)的地段進(jìn)行有關(guān)梯田的具體規(guī)劃；在此基礎(chǔ)上，再進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的設(shè)計(jì)和施工。 3.2.3 當(dāng)梯田區(qū)以上坡面為坡耕地或荒地時(shí)，應(yīng)部署坡面小型蓄排工程，防止地表徑流進(jìn)入梯田區(qū)。我國南方雨多量大地區(qū)，梯田區(qū)內(nèi)也應(yīng)部署小型蓄排工程，以妥善處理梯田不能容蓄的雨水，保證梯田的安全。坡面小型蓄排工程的技術(shù)要求按GB/T 16453.4執(zhí)行。 梯田防御暴雨標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，一般采用10a一遇3h～6h最大降雨，在干旱、半干旱地區(qū)，可采用20a一遇3h～6h最大降雨。根據(jù)各地降雨特點(diǎn)，分別采用當(dāng)?shù)刈钜桩a(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重水土流失的短歷時(shí)、高強(qiáng)度暴雨。 3.2.4 梯田類型的選用應(yīng)遵循以下原則： a)條件適合的地方，可一次性修成水平梯田。 b)在坡耕地土層較薄，或當(dāng)?shù)貏诹^少的地區(qū)，可以先修坡式梯田，經(jīng)逐年向下方翻土耕作，減緩田面坡度，逐步變成水平梯田。 c)在地多人少、勞力缺乏，同時(shí)年降雨量較少、耕地坡度在15°～20°的地方，可以采用隔坡梯田。 d)土質(zhì)丘陵和塬、臺地區(qū)修土坎梯田；在土石山區(qū)或石質(zhì)山區(qū)、取料方便地區(qū)修梯田時(shí)，就地取材修成石坎梯田。 e)丘陵區(qū)或山區(qū)的坡耕地(坡度一般為15°～25°)，按陡坡區(qū)梯田進(jìn)行規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)。東北黑土漫崗區(qū)、西北黃土高原區(qū)的塬面，以及零星分布各地河谷川臺地上的緩坡耕地(坡度15°以下)，按緩坡梯田進(jìn)行規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)。 4 第一類保水保土耕作 4.1 等高耕作 4.1.1 我國北方干旱少雨地區(qū)，耕作方向應(yīng)基本沿等高線，有利于保水保土。我國南方多雨且土質(zhì)粘重地區(qū)，耕作方向應(yīng)與等高線呈1％～2％的比降，適應(yīng)排水，并防止沖刷。在橫坡耕作基礎(chǔ)上采取的溝壟種植、休閑地水平犁溝等措施，其溝壟方向均可按此原則處理。 4.1.2 將原有順坡溝壟改為橫坡溝壟時(shí)，應(yīng)先經(jīng)過耕翻，再進(jìn)行橫坡耕作，形成新的橫坡溝壟。 4.1.3 實(shí)施橫坡耕作的坡耕地，在坡面從上到下，每隔一定距離，還應(yīng)沿等高線修筑若干道土埂，種草帶、灌木帶，或用套二犁作成水平犁溝，截短坡長，減輕水土流失。 4.1.3.1 土埂初修高度宜為40cm～50cm，草帶宜寬1m左右。每年耕作時(shí)，從上向下翻土，使兩埂(或兩帶)間的地面坡度逐漸減緩，同時(shí)每年加高土埂10cm～20cm，逐步形成水平梯田。 4.1.3.2 土埂或草帶的距離，隨坡度和降雨不同而異：坡度陡、雨最大的地方，間距可小些；坡度緩、雨量小的地方，間距可大些。一般15°以上陡坡地，埂間距8m～15m，10°以下緩坡地，埂間距20m～30m。 4.1.4 在有風(fēng)蝕的緩坡地區(qū)，改順坡耕作為橫坡耕作時(shí)，應(yīng)使耕作方向與主風(fēng)向正交，或呈45°。 4.2 溝壟種植 4.2.1 在坡耕地上應(yīng)順等高線(或與等高線呈1％～2％的比降)耕作，形成溝壟相間的地面，容蓄雨水，減輕水土流失。 4.2.2 播種時(shí)起壟。應(yīng)由牲畜帶犁完成，并按以下步驟進(jìn)行： 4.2.2.1 在地塊下邊空一犁寬地面不犁，從第二犁位置開始，順等高線犁出第一條犁溝，向下翻土，形成第一道壟，壟頂至溝底深約20cm～30cm，將種子、肥料撒在犁溝內(nèi)。 4.2.2.2 在此犁溝上部犁半犁深，虛土覆蓋犁溝中的種子、肥料。 4.2.2.3 再空一犁寬地面不犁，在其上部順等高線犁出第二條犁溝，向下翻土，形成第二道壟溝相間。此后照上述步驟依次進(jìn)行。 4.2.2.4 在溝中每隔3m～5m作一小土垱，高10cm左右，相鄰兩溝間的小土垱呈“品”字形錯(cuò)開。 4.2.3 中耕時(shí)起壟。主要用于玉米、高粱等高稈中耕作物。由人工操作，按以下步驟進(jìn)行； 4.2.3.1 在坡耕地上順等高線條狀播種，播種時(shí)不作溝壟。 4.2.3.2 第一次中耕時(shí)(苗高30m～40m)，用鋤將苗行間的土取起，培在幼苗根部；取土處連續(xù)不斷形成水平溝，培土處連續(xù)不斷形成等高壟。 4.2.3.3 取土?xí)r在溝中每隔3m～5m留一高約10cm的小土垱，相鄰兩溝間的小土垱呈“品”字形錯(cuò)開。 4.2.4 畦狀溝壟適于我國南方種紅薯等作物，由人工操作，其步驟如下： 4.2.4.1 按照4.2.2的步驟將坡地作成溝壟。 4.2.4.2 每隔5條～6條溝壟留一田間小路，兼作排水道，形成坡面長畦；沿排水道每20m～30m作一橫向畦埂，將長畦隔成短畦。 4.3 掏缽種植 4.3.1 一缽一苗法應(yīng)符合下列要求： 4.3.1.1 在坡耕地上沿等高線用鋤挖穴(掏缽)，以作物株距為穴距(一般30cm～40cm)，以作物行距為上下兩行穴間行距(一般60cm～80cm)。 4.3.1.2 穴的直徑一般為20cm～25cm，深20cm～25cm，上下兩行穴的位置呈“品”字形錯(cuò)開。 4.3.1.3 挖穴取出的生土在穴下方作成小土埂，再將穴底挖松，從第二穴位置上取10cm表土置于第一穴內(nèi)，施入底肥，播下種子。 4.3.1.4 以后各穴，采用同樣方法處理，使每穴內(nèi)都有表土。 4.3.2 一缽數(shù)苗法應(yīng)符合下列要求： 4.3.2.1 在坡耕地上順等高線挖穴，穴的