Wind energy generation systems - Technical specifications for post-evaluation and retrofitting of wind farms
1 Scope
This document specifies the technical requirements related to the post-evaluation and retrofitting of wind farms (hereinafter referred to as “wind farms”), including the requirements for conducting post-evaluation, post-design evaluation of wind farms, post-operation evaluation of wind farms, as well as the technical requirements and evaluation for wind farm retrofitting aimed at optimizing energy production and improving reliability.
This document is applicable to the post-evaluation of onshore wind farms that have been put into operation and have generated operational data, as well as to the design evaluations for technical retrofitting aimed at optimizing energy production and improving reliability of these wind farms. It may serve as a reference for offshore wind farms.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain requirements which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 5226.1 Electrical safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements
GB/T 15969.1 Programmable controllers - Part 1: General information
GB/T 15969.2 Programmable controllers - Part 2: Equipment requirements and tests
GB/T 18451.1 Wind energy generation systems - Design requirements
GB/T 18451.2-2021 Wind turbines - Power performance measurements of electricity producing
GB/T 19963.1 Technical specification for connecting wind farm to power system - Part 1: On shore wind power
GB/T 33225 Electricity producing wind turbines - Power performance measurements based on nacelle anemometry
GB/T 37523-2019 Specification for data inspection and correction of wind power plant meteorological observation
DL/T 1870 Technical specification for power grid and source coordination
NB/T 10103-2018 Technical code for micro-siting of wind power projects
NB/T 10205 Technical rules for wind power forecasting
NB/T 10590 Technical specification of lightning protection improvement for power grid in wind farms located in multiple thunderstorm region
NB/T 10909 Wind energy resources analysis and output calculation methods for micrositing
NB/T 31046 Function specification of wind power forecasting system
NB/T 31078 Evaluation method for grid code compliance of wind farms
NB/T 31085 Code for economic evaluation of wind farm
IEC 61400-26-1 Wind energy generation systems - Part 26-1: Availability for wind energy generation systems
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
reanalysis of meteorological data
use of long-term consistent meteorological observation data, applying data assimilation and atmospheric numerical model systems to generate long-term, continuous data with higher spatial and temporal resolution to describe atmospheric conditions
[Source: GB/T 37523-2019, 3.2, modified]
3.2
nacelle wind speed
horizontal wind speed measured on top of the nacelle of a wind turbine or in front of a wind turbine
[Source: GB/T 33225-2016, 3.21]
3.3
nacelle transfer function
functional relationship between nacelle wind speed and the wind speed measured by the anemometer of anemometer tower at the hub height of the turbine, used to correct the nacelle wind speed to the far upstream free-stream wind speed
3.4
power curve conformance
ratio of the cumulative value of actual power for each wind speed interval multiplied by the measured wind frequency (or specified wind frequency) to the cumulative value of theoretical power (or guaranteed power) for each wind speed interval multiplied by the measured wind frequency (or specified wind frequency) across all wind speed intervals of a single wind turbine, also known as the power curve guarantee value
Note 1: For multiple turbines, it is the arithmetic average of the power curve guarantee values for the turbines.
Note 2: Power curve conformance is generally also referred to as power curve compliance, and power curve guarantee value is commonly referred to as power curve assessment value in contracts.
3.5
actual energy production
energy measured at the point of connection of the wind turbine to the power collection system
Note: The connection point may be at low voltage level or at medium or high voltage level depending on the design of the wind turbine. For IEC 61400-26-1, it is defined as the actual service delivery, i.e., the actual measurement value at the connection point of the wind farm.
[Source: GB/Z 35483-2017, 3.1.2, modified]
3.6
potential energy production
calculated energy based on the wind turbine design criteria and technical specifications and the site conditions
Note: For IEC 61400-26-1, it is defined as potential service delivery), i.e., the calculated value of physical potential output or restricted potential output.
[Source: GB/Z 35483-2017, 3.1.3, modified]
3.7
lost production
energy that the wind turbine should have generated but failed to generated
Note: The lost production is the difference between potential energy production and actual energy production. For IEC 61400-26-1, it is defined as lost service, i.e., unprovided service.
[Source: GB/Z 35483-2017, 3.1.4, modified]
3.8
design theoretical energy production
annual theoretical energy production determined during the wind farm design stage, using the turbine's contract power curve, measured topographical maps, and preliminary wind measurement data as inputs, with wind resource assessment and consideration of various reductions and losses
3.9
automatic generation control; AGC
control process that automatically adjusts the active power output of each generator, wind farm, and photovoltaic station within a control area, using an automatic control program to maintain system frequency and the power exchange of the interconnection lines within planned target ranges
[Source: DL/T 1870-2018, 3.4]
3.10
levelized cost of energy
discounted ratio of all costs incurred by the wind farm power generation system during the evaluation period to the total amount of energy available for grid connection
Note: It is expressed in CNY per kilowatt-hour kilowatt-hour (kWh).
3.11
supervisory control and data acquisition; SCADA
system based on a processor unit which receives information from intelligent electric device (IED), determines the control requirements and sends commands to the IED
Note: A computer system that for example dispatchers use to monitor the power distribution throughout a service or control area. For the purpose of this document, it specifically refers to the centralized control system for all wind turbines and their ancillary equipment within the wind farm.
[Source: GB/T 30966.1-2022, 3.32]
3.12
baseline evaluation period
time period used for baseline comparison before wind turbine retrofitting
3.13
optimized evaluation period
time period used for evaluation after wind turbine retrofitting and stable operation
3.14
test turbines
wind turbines undergoing technological upgrades during the optimized evaluation period
3.15
reference turbines
wind turbines that have not undergone technological upgrades during the optimized evaluation period and are used to evaluate the improvement effects of the test turbines
4 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply.
IRR: Internal Rate of Return
LCOE: Levelized Cost of Energy
NPV: Net Present Value
PBA: Production-based Availability
PPD: Power Performance Deviation
TBA: Time-based Availability
VG: Vortex Generator
Contents
Foreword III
Introduction IV
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Abbreviations
5 Evaluation requirements
5.1 General
5.2 Data integrity
5.3 Data normalization
5.4 Data classification
6 Post-design evaluation of wind farms
6.1 General
6.2 Representativeness of anemometer towers
6.3 Turbine selection and configuration
6.4 Topography
6.5 Wind resource
6.6 Deviation in energy production
6.7 Economical efficiency
7 Post-operation evaluation of wind farms
7.1 General
7.2 Power generation performance
7.3 Availability
7.4 Reliability
7.5 Safety
7.6 Grid-connected operation
7.7 Economical efficiency
8 Retrofitting of wind farms
8.1 General
8.2 Optimization
8.3 Component installation and replacement
8.4 Complete machine replacement
8.5 Others
9 Evaluation of wind farm retrofitting
9.1 General
9.2 Retrofit effectiveness
9.3 Safety
9.4 Economical efficiency
10 Requirements for report
Annex A (Informative) Data collection checklist
Annex B (Normative) Wind speed normalization
Annex C (Informative) Empirical method for solving nacelle transfer function
Annex D (informative) Evaluation of related parameters and typical abnormal conditions of turbine power generation performance
Bibliography
風(fēng)能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)風(fēng)力發(fā)電場(chǎng)后評(píng)價(jià)及 改造技術(shù)規(guī)范
1 范圍
本文件規(guī)定了風(fēng)力發(fā)電場(chǎng)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“風(fēng)電場(chǎng)”)后評(píng)價(jià)及改造等相關(guān)技術(shù)內(nèi)容，包括進(jìn)行后評(píng)價(jià)的 評(píng)估要求、風(fēng)電場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)后評(píng)價(jià)、風(fēng)電場(chǎng)運(yùn)行后評(píng)價(jià)以及可進(jìn)行發(fā)電量?jī)?yōu)化及可靠性提升的風(fēng)電場(chǎng)改造技術(shù)要求及評(píng)價(jià)。
本文件適用于已投產(chǎn)并產(chǎn)生運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)的陸上風(fēng)電場(chǎng)后評(píng)價(jià)及針對(duì)發(fā)電量?jī)?yōu)化及可靠性提升的技術(shù)改造設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)價(jià)，海上風(fēng)電場(chǎng)參照?qǐng)?zhí)行。
2 規(guī)范性引用文件
下列文件中的內(nèi)容通過(guò)文中的規(guī)范性引用而構(gòu)成本文件必不可少的條款。其中，注日期的引用文件，僅該日期對(duì)應(yīng)的版本適用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改單)適用于本文件。
GB/T 5226.1 機(jī)械電氣安全機(jī)械電氣設(shè)備第1部分：通用技術(shù)條件
GB/T 15969.1 可編程序控制器第1部分：通用信息
GB/T 15969.2 可編程序控制器第2部分：設(shè)備要求和測(cè)試
GB/T 18451.1 風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組設(shè)計(jì)要求
GB/T 18451.2-2021 風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組功率特性測(cè)試
GB/T 19963.1 風(fēng)電場(chǎng)接入電力系統(tǒng)技術(shù)規(guī)定第1部分：陸上風(fēng)電
GB/T 33225 風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組基于機(jī)艙風(fēng)速計(jì)法的功率特性測(cè)試
GB/T 37523-2019 風(fēng)電場(chǎng)氣象觀測(cè)資料審核、插補(bǔ)與訂正技術(shù)規(guī)范
DL/T 1870 電力系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)源協(xié)調(diào)技術(shù)規(guī)范
NB/T 10103—2018 風(fēng)電場(chǎng)工程微觀選址技術(shù)規(guī)范
NB/T 10205 風(fēng)電功率預(yù)測(cè)技術(shù)規(guī)定
NB/T 10590 多雷區(qū)風(fēng)電場(chǎng)集電線路防雷改造技術(shù)規(guī)范
NB/T 10909 微觀選址中風(fēng)能資源分析及發(fā)電量計(jì)算方法
NB/T 31046 風(fēng)電功率預(yù)測(cè)系統(tǒng)功能規(guī)范
NB/T 31078 風(fēng)電場(chǎng)并網(wǎng)性能評(píng)價(jià)方法
NB/T 31085 風(fēng)電場(chǎng)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)規(guī)范
IEC 61400-26-1 風(fēng)能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)第26-1部分：風(fēng)能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的可用性(Wind energy generation systems—Part 26-1:Availability for wind energy generation systems)
3 術(shù)語(yǔ)和定義
下列術(shù)語(yǔ)和定義適用于本文件。
3.1
再分析氣象數(shù)據(jù) reanalysis of meteorological data
利用長(zhǎng)期一致性氣象觀測(cè)資料，采用資料同化和大氣數(shù)值模式系統(tǒng)，生成長(zhǎng)期、連續(xù)、具有更高時(shí)空 分辨率的描述大氣狀態(tài)的數(shù)據(jù)。
[來(lái)源：GB/T 37523—2019,3.2,有修改]
3.2
機(jī)艙風(fēng)速 nacellewind speed
在風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組機(jī)艙頂或風(fēng)電機(jī)組前方測(cè)量的水平風(fēng)速。
[來(lái)源：GB/T 33225—2016,3.21]
3.3
機(jī)艙傳遞函數(shù) nacelle transfer function
機(jī)組機(jī)艙風(fēng)速與能夠代表該機(jī)組輪轂高度處測(cè)風(fēng)塔風(fēng)速計(jì)測(cè)量的風(fēng)速之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系，用于將機(jī) 艙風(fēng)速校正為遠(yuǎn)前方自由來(lái)流風(fēng)速。
3.4
功率曲線符合度 power curve conformance
單臺(tái)風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組所有風(fēng)速區(qū)間內(nèi)每個(gè)風(fēng)速區(qū)間下的實(shí)際功率與實(shí)測(cè)風(fēng)頻(或指定風(fēng)頻)乘積累計(jì) 值與所有風(fēng)速區(qū)間內(nèi)每個(gè)風(fēng)速區(qū)間下的理論功率(或擔(dān)保功率)與實(shí)測(cè)風(fēng)頻(或指定風(fēng)頻)乘積累計(jì)值的 比值，也稱功率曲線保證值。
注1:對(duì)于多臺(tái)機(jī)組，是多個(gè)機(jī)組功率曲線保證值的算術(shù)平均值。
注2:功率曲線符合度一般也稱功率曲線符合性，功率曲線保證值一般合同里也稱功率曲線考核值。
3.5
實(shí)際發(fā)電量 actual energy production
風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組與電力匯集系統(tǒng)連接點(diǎn)處所測(cè)量的電能。
注：根據(jù)風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組設(shè)計(jì)，連接點(diǎn)可位于低電壓側(cè)或中、高電壓側(cè)。對(duì)于IEC 61400-26-1,定義為風(fēng)電場(chǎng)實(shí)際出力 (actual service delivery),即風(fēng)電場(chǎng)連接點(diǎn)的實(shí)際測(cè)量值。
[來(lái)源：GB/Z 35483—2017,3.1.2,有修改]
3.6
潛在發(fā)電量 potential energy production
根據(jù)風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則、技術(shù)規(guī)范及場(chǎng)址條件計(jì)算的電能。
注：對(duì)于IEC 61400-26-1,定義為潛在出力(potential service delivery),即物理潛在出力或受限潛在出力的計(jì)算值。
[來(lái)源：GB/Z 35483—2017,3.1.3,有修改]
3.7
損失發(fā)電量 lost production
風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組應(yīng)發(fā)但未能發(fā)出的電能。
注：損失發(fā)電量等于潛在發(fā)電量與實(shí)際發(fā)電量差值。對(duì)于EC 61400-26-1,定義為服務(wù)損失(lost service),即未提供 的服務(wù)。
[來(lái)源：GB/Z 35483—2017,3.1.4,有修改]
3.8
設(shè)計(jì)理論發(fā)電量 design theoretical energy production
在風(fēng)電場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)階段，以機(jī)組合同功率曲線、實(shí)測(cè)地形圖、前期測(cè)風(fēng)數(shù)據(jù)作為輸入，經(jīng)風(fēng)資源評(píng)估并考慮各種折減、損失后得出的年理論發(fā)電量。
3.9
自動(dòng)發(fā)電控制 automatic generation control; AGC
通過(guò)自動(dòng)控制程序，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)控制區(qū)內(nèi)各發(fā)電機(jī)組、風(fēng)電場(chǎng)和光伏發(fā)電站有功出力的自動(dòng)重新調(diào)節(jié)分配，來(lái)維持系統(tǒng)頻率、聯(lián)絡(luò)線交換功率在計(jì)劃目標(biāo)范圍內(nèi)的控制過(guò)程。
[來(lái)源：DL/T 1870—2018,3.4]
3.10
平準(zhǔn)化度電成本 levelized cost of energy
風(fēng)電場(chǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)在評(píng)價(jià)周期內(nèi)發(fā)生的所有成本與全部可上網(wǎng)電量的折現(xiàn)比值。
注：?jiǎn)挝粸樵壳邥r(shí)。
3.11
數(shù)據(jù)采集與監(jiān)控系統(tǒng) supervisory control and data acquisition; SCADA
基于處理單元的系統(tǒng)，用于從智能電子設(shè)備(IED) 處接收信息、決定控制要求以及發(fā)送命令到智能 電子設(shè)備(IED)。
注：例如，調(diào)度人員使用的用來(lái)監(jiān)控服務(wù)器或控制區(qū)域內(nèi)電力分布的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。本文件中特指風(fēng)電場(chǎng)內(nèi)所有風(fēng) 電機(jī)組及其附屬設(shè)備的集中集控系統(tǒng)。
[來(lái)源：GB/T 30966.1-2022,3.32]
3.12
基準(zhǔn)評(píng)估期 baseline evaluation period
風(fēng)電機(jī)組改造前用于基準(zhǔn)比對(duì)的時(shí)間段。
3.13
優(yōu)化評(píng)估期 optimized evaluation period
風(fēng)電機(jī)組改造完成穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行后用于評(píng)估的時(shí)間段。
3.14
實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)組 test turbines
在優(yōu)化評(píng)估期內(nèi)進(jìn)行技術(shù)升級(jí)的風(fēng)電機(jī)組。
3.15
參考機(jī)組 reference turbines
在優(yōu)化評(píng)估期內(nèi)未進(jìn)行技術(shù)升級(jí)，用于評(píng)估實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)組優(yōu)化提升效果的風(fēng)電機(jī)組。
4 縮略語(yǔ)
下列縮略語(yǔ)適用于本文件。
IRR: 內(nèi)部收益率(Internal Rate of Return)
LCOE: 平準(zhǔn)化度電成本(Levelized Cost of Energy)
NPV: 凈現(xiàn)值(Net Present Value)
PBA: 發(fā)電量可利用率(Production-based Availability)
PPD: 功率特性偏離(Power Performance Deviation)
TBA: 時(shí)間可利用率(Time-based Availability)
VG: 渦流發(fā)生器(Vortex Generator)
