標準編號:	JGJ 80-2016
中文名稱:	建筑施工高處作業安全技術規范
英文名稱:	Technical Code for Working Safely at Height of Building Construction
行業分類:	JG    建筑工業行業標準
發布機構:	中華人民共和國住房和城鄉建設部
發布日期:	2016-07-09
實施日期:	2016-12-1
標準狀態:	valid
替代舊標準:	JGJ 80-1991 建筑施工高處作業安全技術規范
翻譯語言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符數:	27000 字
翻譯價格(元):	1500.0
交付時間:	付款后 1 個工作日

According to the requirements of Notice on Printing (JIANBIAO [2002] No.84) issued by the original Ministry of Construction (MOC), the code drafting group revised this code via extensive investigation, careful summarization of practical experience, reference to relevant international and foreign advanced standards, and widely soliciting for opinions. Main technical contents of this code are: 1. General Provisions; 2. Terms and Symbols; 3. Basic Requirements; 4. Edge-near and Opening Operation; 5. Climbing and Hanging Operation; 6. Operating Platform; 7. Cross Operation; 8. Safety Nets in Building Construction. Main technical contents revised in this code: 1. The Clause "Terms and Symbols" is added; 2. Requirements for protective railings in edge-near and opening operation are concluded and collated to specify the structure of them uniformly; 3. In the Clause "Climbing and Hanging Operation", safety protection requirements for roof and exterior wall operation are added; 4. The Clause "Operating Platform and Cross Operation" is divided to two Clauses, "Operating Platform" and "Cross Operation", and the requirements for them are proposed respectively; 5. Requirements are respectively proposed for movable operating platform, floor type operating platform and cantilevered operating platform; 6. The Clause "Safety Nets in Building Construction" is added and specific requirements are proposed for the arrangement of safety nets. In this code, the requirements printed in bold type are compulsory and must be enforced strictly. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development is in charge of the administration of this code and the explanation of the compulsory provisions while Shanghai Construction Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. is responsible for the explanation of specific technical contents. During the process of implementing this code, the relevant opinions and advice, whenever necessary, can be sent to Shanghai Construction Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. (Address: No.1 building, No.51 Wuzhong Road, Shanghai, China; postcode: 200235,). 1 General Provisions 1.0.1 This code is formulated with view to standardizing the working at height of building construction and its management as well as realizing safe protection, advanced technology and economic rationality. 1.0.2 This code is applicable to operation like edge-near, opening, climbing, hanging, operating platform, cross operation and safety net erection in working at height of building engineering construction. This code is also applicable to working at height for constructing other parts such as caves, pits, ditches and grooves. 1.0.3 During working at height of building construction, not only the requirements stipulated in this code but also those stipulated in the current relevant standards of the nation shall be complied with. 2 Terms and Symbols 2.1 Terms 2.1.1 working at height operation carried out at falling height datum plane of 2m and above with the possibility of falling 2.1.2 edge-near operation working at height on working face with or without enclosure facilities at edge and less than 800mm in height, including working at height on slab edge, flight of steps edge, roof edge, balcony edge and edges of all kinds of pits, ditches and grooves 2.1.3 opening operation working at height on ground, floor, roof and wall surface where people or materials may fall from opening with height of 2m or above 2.1.4 climbing operation working at height carried out by virtue of climbing instruments or facilities 2.1.5 hanging operation working at height carried out in suspending state where there is no protection facility around or protection facilities fail to meet the protection requirements 2.1.6 operating platform platform at construction site which is erected by steel tube, profile steel and other materials of equivalent performance and used for working at height and carrying materials, including movable, floor type and cantilevered operating platforms 2.1.7 movable operating platform movable scaffold operating platform with caster or guide track 2.1.8 floor type operating platform immovable operating platform erected from ground or floor, which may be a construction platform simply for construction operation or material receiving platform for construction operation and bearing materials 2.1.9 cantilevered operating platform operating platform placed or fixed on building structure edge with the form of cantilever, including cable-stayed and supported cantilevered operating platforms 2.1.10 cross operation three-dimensional operation within the range of falling radius carried out at different levels (upper, lower, left and right) under the state of vertical space penetration, which may lead to personnel or object falling 2.1.11 safety protecting facilities equipment arranged and measures adopted for controlling hazardous and harmful factors in safety range as well as reducing, preventing and eliminating hazards in working at height of construction 2.1.12 safety protecting shed protecting sheds erected to prevent personnel or materials and equipment within falling radius from being injured or damaged by falling object in fly-over cross operation of working at height 2.2 Symbols 2.2.1 Action and effect of action Fbk——the standard value of concentrated load born by upper cross bar; Fck——the standard value of concentrated load on secondary beam; Fzk——the standard value of concentrated load born by vertical bar; M——the design value of the maximum bending moment of upper cross bar; Mc——the design value of the maximum bending moment of secondary beam; My——the design value of the maximum bending moment of main beam; Mz——the design value of the maximum bending moment born by vertical bar; N——the design value of axial pressure of brace; Nz——the design value of axial pressure of vertical bar; q——the design value of equivalent uniform load on beam; ——the standard value of equivalent and variable load uniformly distributed on secondary beam; ——the standard value of dead load uniformly distributed on secondary beam; R——the counter force of support generated by placing secondary beam on outer side of main beam. Ss——the breaking force of steel wire rope; T——the standard value of tension born by steel wire rope; σ1——the bending stress of member bar; σ2——the compression stress of vertical bar. 2.2.2 Calculation indexes E——the elastic modulus of member bar; f1——the design value of bending strength of member bar; f2——the design value of compressive strength of vertical bar; f3——the design value of compressive strength of brace. 2.2.3 Calculated coefficients [K]——the permissible safety coefficient of steel wire rope used as catenary wire; ——the stability coefficient of axial compressive member. 2.2.4 Geometrical factors A——the gross section area of vertical bar; An——the net section area of vertical bar; Ac——the gross section area of brace; a——the length of cantilever; h——the height of vertical bar; I——the inertia moment of member bar section; L0——the calculated length of upper cross bar; L0C——the calculated span of secondary beam; Lx——the span between supporting points on both ends of secondary beam; L0y——the calculated span of main beam; Wn——the resisting moment of net section of upper bar; Wzn——the resisting moment of net section of vertical bar; α——the included angle between steel wire rope and platform surface; η——the length ratio of cantilever; v——the calculated deflection value of bending member; [v]——the permissible deflection value of bending member. 3 Basic Requirements 3.0.1 For building construction involving edge-near and opening operation, climbing and hanging operation, operating platform, cross operation and erection of safety net, technical safety measures for working at height shall be formulated in construction organization design or construction scheme. 3.0.2 Before construction of working at height, inspection and acceptance shall be carried out for safety protecting facilities according to types and the operation may be carried out after passing the acceptance. The acceptance shall be recorded and may be carried out by levels or by phases. 3.0.3 Before construction of working at height, safety technical disclosure shall be carried out for operation personnel and shall be recorded. Training shall be carried out for personnel operating for the first time. 3.0.4 Various safety warning signs shall be hung at corresponding positions in construction site as required and red warning light shall be arranged at night. Before the construction of working at height, safety signs, tools, instruments, electrical facilities and equipment for working at height shall be inspected and construction may be conducted after they are confirmed as intact. 3.0.5 Personnel working at height shall be equipped with corresponding safety protection articles according to the actual operation situation of as well as wear and use corresponding safety protection articles and instruments as required. 3.0.6 Materials at construction operation site with the possibility of falling shall be dismantled or fixed in time. Materials for working at height shall be stacked stably and shall not obstruct traffic, loading and unloading. Tools shall be placed in tool bag when they are not be used; walkway, channel plate and climbing instruments in operation shall be cleaned up when they are not be used; materials from dismantlement, residual materials and waste materials shall be cleared and carried away timely and shall not be placed or discarded downward without permission. It is forbidden to transmit materials by throwing. 3.0.7 Fire control measures shall be adopted for working at height according to those specified in the current national standard GB 50720 Technical code for fire safety of construction site. 3.0.8 When working at height and at weather like rain, frost, fog and snow, anti-skidding, anti-freezing and anti-lightning measures shall be taken, and the water, ice, snow or frost on working face shall be cleaned up timely. If atrocious weather like strong wind of Grade 6 and above, thick fog and sandstorm is encountered, the climbing and hanging operation at height in open air shall not be carried out. After rain & snow, safety facilities for working at height shall be inspected; if any phenomenon such as looseness, deformation, damage or shedding is found, repair shall be carried out timely and these facilities may not be used until they are qualified after repair. 3.0.9 Safety protecting facilities required to be dismantled or moved temporarily shall be provided with reliable measures and restored immediately after operation. 3.0.10 The acceptance for safety protecting facilities shall include the following main contents: 1 Arrangement and erection of protective railings; 2 Erection of instruments and facilities for climbing and hanging operation; 3 Erection of operating platform and platform protection facilities; 4 Erection of protecting shed; 5 Arrangement of safety net; 6 Performance and quality of safety protecting facilities and equipment, specification of materials and accessories used; 7 Joint construction of facilities, specification of materials and accessories and the fixation and connection states with building. 3.0.11 Acceptance data of safety protecting facilities shall include the following main contents: 1 Technical safety measures or construction scheme in construction organization design; 2 Product qualification certificates of safety protection articles, instruments, materials and equipment; 3 Acceptance records of safety protecting facilities; 4 Acceptance records of concealed embedment parts; 5 Change records of safety protecting facilities. 3.0.12 Inspection, repair and maintenance for all kinds of safety protecting facilities shall be carried out by specific personnel and rectification measures shall be adopted timely after finding potential hazards. 3.0.13 Finalized and mechanized facilities should be adopted as safety protecting facilities; protective railings shall be marked with black and yellow or red and white streak; covering parts shall have yellow or red mark. 4 Edge-near and Opening Operation 4.1 Edge-near Operation 4.1.1 When the edge-near operation is carried out at the datum plane with falling height of 2m or above, protective railings shall be set at the suspending side and the fine mesh safety vertical net or tool-typed breast board shall be adopted to close the datum plane. 4.1.2 Protective railings shall be installed at the stairway, stair landing and stair flight edge; fine mesh safety vertical net shall be installed at outer stairway, stair landing and stair flight edge as enclosure. 4.1.3 For the outer side and edge of building, protective railings shall be set for engineering without external scaffold; fine mesh safety vertical net shall be adopted for engineering with external scaffold as enclosure. The fine mesh safety vertical net shall be set on the vertical bar at the outer side of scaffold and shall be connected firmly with scaffold bar. 4.1.4 For stop layer platforms of construction hoist, gantry frame and headframe hoist arranged between buildings, protective railings and toe board shall be set on both sides of them, and fine mesh safety vertical net or tool-typed breast board shall be adopted as enclosure. 4.1.5 Storey protective door with height not less than 1.80m and devices to prevent outward opening shall be set at the platform interface of stop layer. Isolation facilities shall be set respectively in the middle of channel of headframe hoist. 4.2 Opening Operation 4.2.1 Anti-falling measures shall be taken during opening operation and shall meet the following requirements: 1 Blocking measures shall be taken if the length of short side of vertical opening is less than 500mm; if the length of short side of vertical opening is larger than or equal to 500mm, protective railings with height not less than 1.2m shall be arranged at the suspending side, fine mesh safety vertical net or tool-typed breast board shall be adopted as enclosure, and toe board shall be arranged. 2 If the length of short side of non-vertical opening is 25mm~500mm, cover plate complying with the use requirements of bearing capacity shall be adopted, the cover plate shall be balanced during placement and prevented from displacement. 3 If the length of short side of non-vertical opening is 500mm~1,500mm, measures like covering cover plate or arranging protective railings shall be adopted and the cover plate or protective railings shall be firmly fixed. 4 If the length of short side of non-vertical opening is larger than or equal to 1,500mm, protective railings with height not less than 1.2m shall be arranged at the opening operation side, horizontal safety net shall be adopted to close the opening. 4.2.2 Protective door with height not less than 1.5m and bottom not greater than 50mm away from ground shall be set at elevator shaft opening, and toe board shall be set. 4.2.3 Horizontal safety net shall be arranged every 2 storeys (not greater than 10m) in elevator shaft before the construction of elevator. Isolation and protection facilities shall be set at the upper part of construction layer in elevator shaft. 4.2.4 Opening cover plate shall be able to bear concentrated load not less than 1kN and uniformly distributed load not less than 2kN/m2; cover plate with special requirements shall be designed separately. 4.2.5 For vertical openings leading to ground at positions like wall surface, with sill height lower than 800mm, and opening of frame structure after pouring concrete without masonry wall, protective railings shall be arranged in accordance with the requirements of edge-near protection.

Foreword i 1 General Provisions 2 Terms and Symbols 2.1 Terms 2.2 Symbols 3 Basic Requirements 4 Edge-near and Opening Operation 4.1 Edge-near Operation 4.2 Opening Operation 4.3 Protective Railings 5 Climbing and Hanging Operation 5.1 Climbing Operation 5.2 Hanging Operation 6 Operating Platform 6.1 General Requirements 6.2 Movable Operating Platform 6.3 Floor Type Operating Platform 6.4 Cantilevered Operating Platform 7 Cross Operation 7.1 General Requirements 7.2 Safety Precautions 8 Safety Nets in Building Construction 8.1 General Requirements 8.2 Erection of Safety Nets Annex A Protective Railings Calculation for Design Annex B Movable Operating Platform Calculation for Design Annex C Cantilevered Operating Platform Calculation for Design Explanation of Wording in This Code List of Quoted Standards

1 總則 1.0.1 為規范建筑施工高處作業及其管理，做到防護安全、技術先進、經濟合理，制定本規范。 1.0.2 本規范適用于建筑工程施工高處作業中的臨邊、洞口、攀登、懸空、操作平臺、交叉作業及安傘網搭設等項作業。 本規范亦適用于其他高處作業的各類洞、坑、溝、槽等部位的施工。 1.0.3 建筑施工高處作業時，除應符合本規范外，尚應符合國家現行有關標準的規定。 2術語和符號 2.1 術 語 2.1.1 高處作業working at height 在墜落高度基準面2m及以h有可能墜落的高處進行的作業。 2.1.2 臨邊作業 edge-near operation 在工作面邊沿無圍護或圍護設施高度低于800mm的高處作業，包括樓板邊、樓梯段邊、屋面邊、陽臺邊、各類坑、溝、槽等邊沿的高處作業。 2.1.3 洞口作業 opening operation 在地面、樓面、屋面和墻面等有可能使人和物料墜落，其墜落高度大于或等于2m的洞口處的高處作業。 2.1.4攀登作業 climbing operation 借助登高用具或登高設施進行的高處作業。 2.1.5懸空作業hanging operation 在周邊無任何防護設施或防護設施不能滿足防護要求的臨空狀態下進行的高處作業。 2.1.6操作平臺 operating platform 由鋼管、型鋼及其他等效性能材料等組裝搭設制作的供施工現場高處作業和載物的平臺，包括移動式、落地式、懸挑式等平臺。 2.1.7移動式操作平臺 movable operating platform 帶腳輪或導軌，可移動的腳手架操作平臺。 2.1.8 落地式操作平臺 floor type operating platform 從地面或樓面搭起、不能移動的操作平臺，單純進行施工作業的施工平臺和可進行施工作業與承載物料的接料平臺。 2.1.9懸挑式操作平臺cantilevered operating platform 以懸挑形式擱置或固定在建筑物結構邊沿的操作平臺.斜拉式懸挑操作平臺和支承式懸挑操作平臺。 2.1.10 交叉作業 cross operation 垂直空間貫通狀態下，可能造成人員或物體墜落，并處于墜落半徑范圍內、上下左右不同層面的立體作業。 2.1.11 安全防護設施 safety protecting facilities 在施工高處作業中，為將危險、有害因素控制在安全范圍內，以及減少、預防和消除危害所配置的設備和采取的措施。 2.1.1 2安全防護棚safety protecting shed 高處作業在立體交叉作業時，為防止物體墜落造成墜落半徑內人員傷害或材料、設備損壞而搭設的防護棚架。 2.2 符 號 2.2.1 作用和作用效應 Fbk——上橫桿承受的集中荷載標準值； Fck——次梁上的集中荷載標準值； Fzk——立桿承受的集中荷載標準值； M——上橫桿最大彎矩設計值； Mc——次梁最大彎矩設計值； My——主梁最大彎矩設計值； Mz——立桿承受的最大彎矩設計值； N——斜撐的軸心壓力設計值； Nz——立桿的軸心壓力設計值； q——梁上的等效均布荷載設計值； qck——次梁上的等效均布可變荷載標準值； qch——次梁上均布恒荷載標準值； R——次梁擱置于外側主梁上的支座反力； Ss——鋼絲繩的破斷拉力； T——鋼絲繩所受拉力標準值； σ1——桿件的受彎應力； σ2——立桿的受壓應力。 2.2.2計算指標 E——桿件的彈性模量； f1——桿件的抗彎強度設計值； f2——立桿的抗壓強度設計值； f3——斜撐的抗壓強度沒計值。 2.2.3計算系數 [K]——作吊索用鋼絲繩的允許安全系數； φ——軸心受壓構件的穩定系數。 2.2.4 幾何系數 A——立桿毛截面面積； An——立桿凈截面面積； Ac——斜撐毛截面面積； a——懸臂長度； h——立桿高度； I——桿件截面慣性矩； L0——上橫桿計算長度； L0C——次梁的計算跨度； Lx——次梁兩端擱支點間的跨度； L0y——主梁的計算跨度； Wn——上桿的凈截面抵抗矩； Wzn——立桿的凈截面抵抗矩； α——鋼絲繩與平臺面的夾角； η——懸臂長度比值； v——受彎構件撓度計算值； [v]——受彎構件撓度容許值。 3 基本規定 3.0.1 建筑施工中凡涉及臨邊與洞口作業、攀登與懸空作業、操作平臺、交叉作業及安全網搭設的，應在施工組織設計或施工方案中制定高處作業安全技術措施。 3.0.2高處作業施工前，應按類別對安全防護設施進行檢查、驗收，驗收合格后方可進行作業，并應做驗收記錄。驗收可分層或分階段進行。 3.0.3高處作業施工前，應對作業人員進行安全技術交底，并應記錄。應對初次作業人員進行培訓。 3.0.4應根據要求將各類安全警示標志懸掛于施工現場各相應部位，夜間應設紅燈警示。高處作業施工前，應檢查高處作業的安全標志、工具、儀表、電氣設施和設備，確認其完好后，方可進行施工。 3.0.5 高處作業人員應根據作業的實際情況配備相應的高處作業安全防護用品，并應按規定正確佩戴和使用相應的安全防護用品、用具。 3.0.6對施工作業現場可能墜落的物料，應及時拆除或采取固定措施。高處作業所用的物料應堆放平穩，不得妨礙通行和裝卸。工具應隨手放入工具袋；作業中的走道、通道板和登高用具，應隨時清理干凈；拆卸下的物料及余料和廢料應及時清理運走，不得隨意放置或向下丟棄。傳遞物料時不得拋擲。 3.0.7 高處作業應按現行國家標準《建設工程施工現場消防安全技術規范》GB 50720的規定，采取防火措施。 3.0.8 在雨、霜、霧、雪等天氣進行高處作業時，應采取防滑、防凍和防雷措施，并應及時清除作業面上的水、冰、雪、霜。 當遇有6級及以上強風、濃霧、沙塵暴等惡劣氣候，不得進行露天攀登與懸空高處作業。雨雪天氣后，應對高處作業安全設施進行檢查，當發現有松動、變形、損壞或脫落等現象時，應立即修理完善，維修合格后方使用。 3.0.9 對需臨時拆除或變動的安全防護沒施，應采取可靠措施，作業后應立即恢復。 3.0.10 安全防護設施驗收應包括下列主要內容： 1 防護欄桿的沒置與搭設； 2 攀登與懸空作業的用具與沒施搭設； 3 操作平臺及平臺防護設施的搭設； 4防護棚的搭設； 5安全網的設置： 6 安全防護設施、沒備的性能與質量、所用的材料、配件的規格； 7設施的節點構造.材料配件的規格、材質及其與建筑物的固定、連接狀況。 3.0.11安全防護設施驗收資料應包括下列主要內容： 1 施工組織設計中的安全技術措施或施工方案； 2安全防護用品用具、材料和設備產品合格證明； 3安全防護設施驗收記錄； 4預埋件隱蔽驗收記錄； 5安全防護設施變更記錄。 3.0.12 應有專人對各類安全防護設施進行檢查和維修保養，發現隱患應及時采取整改措施。 3.0.13安全防護設施宜采用定型化、工具化設施，防護欄應為黑黃或紅白相間的條紋標示，蓋件應為黃或紅色標示。 4 臨邊與洞口作業 4.1臨邊作業 4.1.1 墜落高度基準面2m及以上進行臨邊作業時，應在臨空一側設置防護欄桿，并應采用密目式安全立網或工具式欄板封閉。 4.1.2 施工的樓梯口、樓梯平臺和梯段邊.應安裝防護欄桿；外設樓梯口、樓梯平臺和梯段邊還應采用密目式安全立網封閉。 4.1.3建筑物外圍邊沿處，對沒有設置外腳手架的工程，應設置防護欄桿；對有外腳手架的工程，應采用密目式安全立網全封閉。密日式安全立網應設置在腳手架外側立桿上，并應與腳手桿緊密連接。 4.1.4施工升降機、龍門架和井架物料提升機等在建筑物間設置的停層平臺兩側邊，應設置防護欄桿、擋腳板，并應采用密目式安全立網或工具式欄板封閉。 4.1.5 停層平臺口應設置高度不低于1.80m的樓層防護門，并應設置防外開裝置。井架物料提升機通道中間，應分別設置隔離設施。 4.2 洞口作業 4.2.1 洞口作業時，應采取防墜落措施，并應符合下列規定： 1 當豎向洞口短邊邊長小于500mm時，應采取封堵措施；當垂直洞口短邊邊長大于或等于500mm時，應在臨空一側設置高度不小于1.2m的防護欄桿，并應采用密目式安全立網或工具式欄板封閉，設置擋腳板； 2 當非豎向洞口短邊邊長為25mm～500mm時，應采用承載力滿足使用要求的蓋板覆蓋，蓋板四周擱置應均衡，且應防止蓋板移位； 3 當非豎向洞口短邊邊長為500mm～1500mm時，應采用蓋板覆蓋或防護欄桿等措施，并應固定牢固； 4 當非豎向洞口短邊邊長大于或等于1500mm時，應在洞口作業側設置高度不小于1.2m的防護欄桿，洞口應采用安全平網封閉。 4.2.2 電梯井口應設置防護門，其高度不應小于1.5m，防護門底端距地面高度不應大于50mm，并應設置擋腳板。 4.2.3 在電梯施工前，電梯井道內應每隔2層且不大于10m加設一道安全平網。電梯井內的施工層上部，應設置隔離防護設施。 4.2.4 洞口蓋板應能承受不小于1 kN的集中荷載和不小于2kN/m2的均布荷載，有特殊要求的蓋板應另行設計。 4.2.5 墻面等處落地的豎向洞口、窗臺高度低于800mm的豎向洞口及框架結構在澆筑完混凝土未砌筑墻體時的洞口，應按臨邊防護要求設置防護欄桿。 4.3防護欄桿 4.3.1 臨邊作業的防護欄桿應由橫桿、立桿及擋腳板組成，防護欄桿應符合下列規定： 1 防護欄桿應為兩道橫桿，上桿距地面高度應為1.2m，下桿應在上桿和擋腳板中間設置； 2 當防護欄桿高度大于1.2m時，應增設橫桿，橫桿間距不應大于600mm； 3 防護欄桿立桿間距不應大于2m； 4擋腳板高度不應小于180mm。 4.3.2 防護欄桿立桿底端應固定牢固，并應符合下列規定： 1 當在土體上固定時，應采用預埋或打入方式固定； 2 當在混凝土樓面、地面、屋面或墻面固定時，應將預埋件與立桿連接牢固； 3當在砌體上固定時，應預先砌入相應規格含有預埋件的混凝土塊，預埋件應與立桿連接牢同。 4.3.3 防護欄桿桿件的規格及連接，應符合下列規定： 1 當采用鋼管作為防護欄桿桿件時，橫桿及欄桿立桿應采用腳手鋼管，并應采用扣件、焊接、定型套管等方式進行連接固定； 2 當采用其他材料作防護欄桿桿件時，應選用與鋼管材質強度相當的材料，并應采用螺栓、銷軸或焊接等方式進行連接固定。 4.3.4 防護欄桿的立桿和橫桿的設置、固定及連接，應確保防護欄桿在上下橫桿和立桿任何部位處，均能承受任何方向1kN的外力作用。當欄桿所處位置有發生人群擁擠、物件碰撞等可能時，應加大橫桿截面或加密立桿間距。 4.3.5 防護欄桿應張掛密目式安全立網或其他材料封閉。 4.3.6 防護欄桿的設計計算應符合本規范附錄A的規定。 5攀登與懸空作業 5.1 攀登作業 5.1.1 登高作業應借助施工通道、梯子及其他攀登設施和用具。 5.1.2攀登作業設施和用具應牢固可靠；當采用梯子攀爬作用時，踏面荷載不應大于1.1 kN；當梯面上有特殊作業時，應按實際情況進行專項設計。 5.1.3同一梯子上不得兩人同時作業。在通道處使用梯子作業時，應有專人監護或設置圍欄。腳手架操作層上嚴禁架設梯子作業。 5.1.4便攜式梯子宜采用金屬材料或木材制作，并應符合現行國家標準《便攜式金屬梯安全要求》GB 12142和《便攜式木梯安全要求》GB 7059的規定。 5.1.5使用單梯時梯面應與水平面成75°夾角，踏步不得缺失，梯格間距宜為300mm，不得墊高使用。 5.1.6折梯張開到工作位置的傾角應符合現行國家標準《便攜式金屬梯安全要求》GB 12142和《便攜式木梯安全要求》GB 7059的規定，并應有整體的金屬撐桿或可靠的鎖定裝置。 5.1.7 固定式直梯應采用金屬材料制成，并應符合現行國家標準《固定式鋼梯及平臺安全要求 第1部分：鋼直梯》GB 4053.1的規定；梯子凈寬應為400mm～600mm，固定直梯的支撐應采用不小于L70×6的角鋼，埋設與焊接應牢固。直梯頂端的踏步應與攀登頂面齊平，并應加設1.1m～1.5m高的扶手。 5.1.8使用固定式直梯攀登作業時，當攀登高度超過3m時，宜加設護籠；當攀登高度超過8m時，應設置梯間平臺。 5.1.9鋼結構安裝時，應使用梯子或其他登高設施攀登作業。墜落高度超過2m時，應設置操作平臺。 5.1.10 當安裝屋架時，應在屋脊處設置扶梯。扶梯踏步間距不應大于400mm。屋架桿件安裝時搭設的操作平臺，應設置防護欄桿或使用作業人員拴掛安全帶的安全繩。 5.1.11 深基坑施工應設置扶梯、入坑踏步及專用載人設備或斜道等設施。采用斜道時，應加設間距不大于400mm的防滑條等防滑措施。作業人員嚴禁沿坑壁、支撐或乘運土工具上下。 5.2 懸空作業 5.2.1 懸空作業的立足處的設置應牢固，并應配置登高和防墜落裝置和設施。 5.2.2構件吊裝和管道安裝時的懸空作業應符合下列規定： 1 鋼結構吊裝，構件宜在地面組裝，安全設施應一并設置； 2 吊裝鋼筋混凝土屋架、梁、柱等大型構件前，應在構件上預先設置登高通道、操作立足點等安全設施； 3在高空安裝大模板、吊裝第一塊預制構件或單獨的大中型預制構件時，應站在作業平臺上操作； 4鋼結構安裝施工宜在施工層搭設水平通道，水平通道兩側應設置防護欄桿；當利用鋼梁作為水平通道時，應在鋼梁一側設置連續的安全繩，安全繩宜采用鋼絲繩； 5鋼結構、管道等安裝施工的安全防護宜采用工具化、定型化設施。 5.2.3嚴禁在未固定、無防護設施的構件及管道上進行作業或通行。 5.2.4 當利用吊車梁等構件作為水平通道時，臨空面的一側應設置連續的欄桿等防護措施。當安全繩為鋼索時，鋼索的一端應采用花籃螺栓收緊；當安全繩為鋼絲繩時，鋼絲繩的自然下垂度不應大于繩長的1/20，并不應大于100mm。 5.2.5模板支撐體系搭設和拆卸的懸空作業，應符合下列規定： 1模板支撐的搭設和拆卸應按規定程序進行，不得在上下同一垂直面上同時裝拆模板； 2在墜落基準面2m及以上高處搭設與拆除柱模板及懸挑結構的模板時，應設置操作平臺； 3在進行高處拆模作業時應配置登高用具或搭設支架。 5.2.6綁扎鋼筋和預應力張拉的懸空作業應符合下列規定： 1綁扎立柱和墻體鋼筋，不得沿鋼筋骨架攀登或站在骨架上作業； 2在墜落基準面2m及以上高處綁扎柱鋼筋和進行預應力張拉時，應搭設操作平臺。 5.2.7混凝土澆筑與結構施工的懸空作業應符合下列規定： 1 澆筑高度2m及以上的混凝土結構構件時，應設置腳手架或操作平臺； 2懸挑的混凝土梁和檐、外墻和邊柱等結構施工時，應搭設腳手架或操作平臺。 5.2.8屋面作業時應符合下列規定： 1在坡度大于25°的屋面上作業，當無外腳手架時，應在屋檐邊設置不低于1.5m高的防護欄桿，并應采用密目式安全立網全封閉； 2在輕質型材等屋面上作業，應搭設臨時走道板，不得在輕質型材上行走；安裝輕質型材板前，應采取在梁下支設安全平網或搭設腳手架等安全防護措施。 5.2.9外墻作業時應符合下列規定： 1 門窗作業時，應有防墜落措施，操作人員在無安全防護措施時，不得站立在樘子、陽臺欄板上作業； 2高處作業不得使用座板式單人吊具，不得使用自制吊籃。 6 操作平臺 6.1 一般規定 6.1.1操作平臺應通過設計計算，并應編制專項方案，架體構造與材質應滿足國家現行相關標準的規定。 6.1.2操作平臺的架體結構應采用鋼管、型鋼及其他等效性能材料組裝，并應符合現行國家標準《鋼結構設計規范》GB 50017及國家現行有關腳手架標準的規定。平臺面鋪設的鋼、木或竹膠合板等材質的腳手板，應符合材質和承載力要求，并應平整滿鋪及可靠固定。 6.1.3操作平臺的臨邊應設置防護欄桿，單獨設置的操作平臺應設置供人上下、踏步間距不大于400mm的扶梯。 6.1.4 應在操作平臺明顯位置設置標明允許負載值的限載牌及限定允許的作業人數，物料應及時轉運，不得超重、超高堆放。 6.1.5 操作平臺使用中應每月不少于1次定期檢查，應由專人進行日常維護工作，及時消除安全隱患。 6.2移動式操作平臺 6.2.1移動式操作平臺面積不宜大于10m2，高度不宜大于5m，高寬比不應大于2：1，施工荷載不應大于1.5kN/m2。 6.2.2移動式操作平臺的輪子與平臺架體連接應牢固，立柱底端離地面不得大于80mm，行走輪和導向輪應配有制動器或剎車閘等制動措施。 6.2.3移動式行走輪承載力不應小于5kN，制動力矩不應小于2.5 N·m，移動式操作平臺架體應保持垂直，不得彎曲變形，制動器除在移動情況外，均應保持制動狀態。 6.2.4移動式操作平臺移動時，操作平臺上不得站人。 6.2.5 移動式升降工作平臺應符合現行國家標準《移動式升降工作平臺設計計算、安全要求和測試方法》GB 25849和《移動式升降工作平臺 安全規則、檢查、維護和操作》GB/T 27548的要求。 6.2.6移動式操作平臺的結構設計計算應符合本規范附錄B的規定。 6.3落地式操作平臺 6.3.1 落地式操作平臺架體構造應符合下列規定： 1操作平臺高度不應大于15m，高寬比不應大于3：1； 2施工平臺的施工荷載不應大于2.0kN/m2；當接料平臺的施工荷載大于2.0kN/m2時，應進行專項設計； 3操作平臺應與建筑物進行剛性連接或加設防傾措施，不得與腳手架連接； 4用腳手架搭設操作平臺時，其立桿間距和步距等結構要求應符合國家現行相關腳手架規范的規定；應在立桿下部設置底座或墊板、縱向與橫向掃地桿，并應在外立面設置剪刀撐或斜撐； 5操作平臺應從底層第一步水平桿起逐層設置連墻件，且連墻件間隔不應大于4m，并應設置水平剪刀撐。連墻件應為可承受拉力和壓力的構件，并應與建筑結構可靠連接。 6.3.2落地式操作平臺搭設材料及搭設技術要求、允許偏差應符合國家現行相關腳手架標準的規定。 6.3.3 落地式操作平臺應按國家現行相關腳手架標準的規定計算受彎構件強度、連接扣件抗滑承載力、立桿穩定性、連墻桿件強度與穩定性及連接強度、立桿地基承載力等。 6.3.4落地式操作平臺一次搭設高度不應超過相鄰連墻件以上兩步。 6.3.5落地式操作平臺拆除應南上而下逐層進行，嚴禁上下同時作業，連墻件應隨施工進度逐層拆除。 6.3.6落地式操作平臺檢查驗收應符合下列規定： 1操作平臺的鋼管和扣件應有產品合格證； 2搭設前應對基礎進行檢查驗收，搭設中應隨施工進度按結構層對操作平臺進行檢查驗收； 3遇6級以上大風、雷雨、大雪等惡劣天氣及停用超過1個月，恢復使用前，應進行檢查。 6.4懸挑式操作平臺 6.4.1 懸挑式操作平臺設置應符合下列規定： 1操作平臺的擱置點、拉結點、支撐點應設置在穩定的主體結構上，且應可靠連接； 2嚴禁將操作平臺設置在臨時設施上； 3操作平臺的結構應穩定可靠，承載力應符合設計要求。 6.4.2懸挑式操作平臺的懸挑長度不宜大于5m，均布荷載不應大于5.5kN/m2，集中荷載不應大于15kN，懸挑梁應錨固固定。 6.4.3采用斜拉方式的懸挑式操作平臺，平臺兩側的連接吊環應與前后兩道斜拉鋼絲繩連接，每一道鋼絲繩應能承載該側所有荷載。 6.4.4采用支承方式的懸挑式操作平臺，應在鋼平臺下方設置不少于兩道斜撐，斜撐的一端應支承在鋼平臺主結構鋼梁下，另一端應支承在建筑物主體結構。 6.4.5采用懸臂梁式的操作平臺，應采用型鋼制作懸挑梁或懸挑桁架，不得使用鋼管，其節點應采用螺栓或焊接的剛性節點。當平臺板上的主梁采用與主體結構預埋件焊接時，預埋件、焊縫均應經設計計算，建筑主體結構應同時滿足強度要求。 6.4.6懸挑式操作平臺應設置4個吊環，吊運時應使用卡環，不得使吊鉤直接鉤掛吊環。吊環應按通用吊環或起重吊環設計，并應滿足強度要求。 6.4.7懸挑式操作平臺安裝時，鋼絲繩應采用專用的鋼絲繩夾連接，鋼絲繩夾數量應與鋼絲繩直徑相匹配，且不得少于4個。建筑物銳角、利口周圍系鋼絲繩處應加襯軟墊物。 6.4.8 懸挑式操作平臺的外側應略高于內側；外側應安裝防護欄桿并應設置防護擋板全封閉。 6.4.9 人員不得在懸挑式操作平臺吊運、安裝時上下。 6.4.10懸挑式操作平臺的結構設計計算應符合本規范附錄C的規定。 7 交叉作業 7.1 一般規定 7.1.1交叉作業時，下層作業位置應處于上層作業的墜落半徑之外，高空作業墜落半徑應按表7.1.1確定。安全防護棚和警戒隔離區范圍的設置應視上層作業高度確定，并應大于墜落半徑。 表7.1.1 墜落半徑 序號 上層作業高度(hb) 墜落半徑(m) 1 2≤hb≤5 3 2 530 6 7.1.2交叉作業時，墜落半徑內應設置安全防護棚或安全防護網等安全隔離措施。當尚未設置安全隔離措施時，應設置警戒隔離區，人員嚴禁進入隔離區。 7.1.3 處于起重機臂架回轉范圍內的通道，應搭設安全防護棚。 7.1.4施工現場人員進出的通道口，應搭設安全防護棚。 7.1.5 不得在安全防護棚棚頂堆放物料。 7.1.6 當采用腳手架搭設安全防護棚架構時，應符合國家現行相關腳手架標準的規定。 7.1.7對不搭設腳手架和設置安全防護棚時的交叉作業，應設置安全防護網，當在多層、高層建筑外立面施工時，應在二層及每隔四層設一道固定的安全防護網，同時設一道隨施工高度提升的安全防護網。 7.2 安全措施 7.2.1 安全防護棚搭設應符合下列規定： 1 當安全防護棚為非機動車輛通行時，棚底至地面高度不應小于3m；當安全防護棚為機動車輛通行時，棚底至地面高度不應小于4m。 2 當建筑物高度大于24m并采用木質板搭設時，應搭設雙層安全防護棚。兩層防護的間距不應小于700mm，安全防護棚的高度不應小于4m。 3 當安全防護棚的頂棚采用竹笆或木質板搭設時，應采用雙層搭設，間距不應小于700mm；當采用木質板或與其等強度的其他材料搭設時，可采用單層搭設，木板厚度不應小于50mm。防護棚的長度應根據建筑物高度與可能墜落半徑確定。 7.2.2安全防護網搭設應符合下列規定： 1 安全防護網搭設時，應每隔3m設一根支撐桿，支撐桿水平夾角不宜小于45°； 2當在樓層設支撐桿時，應預埋鋼筋環或在結構內外側各設一道橫桿； 3安全防護網應外高里低，網與網之間應拼接嚴密。 8建筑施工安全網 8.1 一般規定 8.1.1 建筑施工安全網的選用應符合下列規定： 1 安全網材質、規格、物理性能、耐火性、阻燃性應滿足現行國家標準《安全網》GB 5 725的規定； 2 密目式安全立網的網目密度應為10cm×10cm面積上大于或等于2000目。 8.1.2 采用平網防護時，嚴禁使用密目式安全立網代替平網使用。 8.1.3 密目式安全立網使用前，應檢查產品分類標記、產品合格證、網目數及網體重量，確認合格方可使用。 8.2安全網搭設 8.2.1 安全網搭設應綁扎牢固、網間嚴密。安全網的支撐架應具有足夠的強度和穩定性。 8.2.2 密目式安全立網搭設時，每個開眼環扣應穿入系繩，系繩應綁扎在支撐架上，間距不得大于450mm。相鄰密目網間應緊密結合或重疊。 8.2.3 當立網用于龍門架、物料提升架及井架的封閉防護時，四周邊繩應與支撐架貼緊，邊繩的斷裂張力不得小于3kN，系繩應綁在支撐架上，間距不得大于750mm。 8.2.4用于電梯井、鋼結構和框架結構及構筑物封閉防護的平網，應符合下列規定： 1平網每個系結點上的邊繩應與支撐架靠緊，邊繩的斷裂張力不得小于7kN，系繩沿網邊應均勻分布，間距不得大于750mm； 2 電梯井內平網網體與井壁的空隙不得大于25mm，安全網拉結應牢固。