Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative.
This standard is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard replaces GB/T 21965-2008 Steel wire ropes — Vocabulary for acceptance and defect. The following main technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 21965-2008:
——The definition of the terms "sampling", "sample" and "permissible tolerance for product analysis" in the acceptance terms have been added (see 2.1.2, 2.1.2.3, 2.1.3.2.1 herein, 2.1, 2.1.4, 2.2.2.3 of Edition 2008);
——The acceptance terms "torque of ropes" and "turn of rope" have been added (see 2.1.4.7.1 and 2.1.4.7.2 herein);
——The acceptance terms of "lot" and "retest" and their definitions have been added (see 2.1.2.1 and 2.1.2.8 herein);
——The acceptance terms and definitions of "strand clearance", "diameter or dimension of wire" and "diameter of centre wire" (see 2.1.4.2.4, 2.1.4.2.5, 2.1.4.2.6 herein);
——The term "100% inspection" in the acceptance terms has been modified to "all inspection", the "dimensional inspection” has been modified to "dimensions measure", the "tension" in the reverse bend test and torsion test has been modified to “tighten force of bend" and "tighten force of torsion", the "alternating torsion" in the torsion test has been modified to "reverse torsion", the "adhesion test" has been modified to "adhesion of coating", the "immersion test" has been modified to "continuity of coating", and the "lay quality" in visual inspection has been modified to "surface quality of rope”(see 2.1.2.5, 2.1.3.4, 2.1.3.6.1, 2.1.3.7.4, 2.1.3.7.2, 2.1.3.9.2, 2.2.9.3, 2.1.4.1.1 herein, 2.1.6, 2.2.4, 2.2.6.3, 2.2.7.3, 2.2.7.1.2, 2.2.9.2, 2.2.9.3, 2.3.1.6 of Edition 2008);
——The “permissible percentage limits for elements” in chemical analysis, the “heterogeneity” in micrographic inspection, the “minimum duration of test” in tensile test, the “radius of cylindrical supports”, “distance from a plane, defined by the anes of the cylindrical supports, to the nearest point of contact with the test piece”, “diameter of guide hole” in reverse bend test, and the “angle of torsion” and the “appearance of the twist”, the "type of lay" and "construction" in visual and dimensional examination of inspections of steel wire ropes have been deleted (see 2.2.2.2, 2.2.3.2, 2.2.5.2, 2.2.6.1, 2.2.6.2, 2.2.7.5 and 2.2.7.6 of Edition 2008);
——The term "visual and dimensional examination" of inspections of steel wire ropes has been divided into "visual inspection" and "dimension measure of rope", and the terms "fatigue test" of inspections of steel wire ropes has been divided into "bending fatigue test of rope" and "axial stress fatigue test of rope" (see 2.1.4.1, 2.1.4.2, 2.1.4.5 and 2.1.4.6 herein, 2.3.1, 2.3.5 of Edition 2008);
——The definition of the term "salt spray test" has been modified (see 2.1.3.9.4 herein, 2.2.9.4 of Edition 2008)
——The term and definition of "method of resin pouring" in the tensile test of wire rope has been added (see 2.1.4.4.1.2 herein, 2.3.3.1 of Edition 2008);
——The defect terms such as “skip wire”, “no enlargement of centre wire”, “drawing flaw”, “delamination”, “undulation”, “free rust”, “corrosion”, “pitting”, “out-of-tolerance of rope diameter” and “out-of-tolerance of rope” and their definitions have been added (see 2.2.1.3, 2.2.1.7, 2.2.1.8, 2.2.1.9, 2.2.1.10, 2.2.1.11, 2.2.1.12, 2.2.1.13, 2.2.1.24, 2.2.1.25 herein);
——The defect term "relaxation of strands” has been modified, “extruding of steel wire rope corn" has been modified to "corn or strand protrusion", "extruding of steel wire" has been modified to "protruding wire in loops", "flattening of parts" has been modified to "flattened portion", and "fracture of wire in steel wire rope end” has been modified to “wire breaks at a termination” (see 2.2.1.20, 2.2.5.3, 2.2.5.4, 2.2.5.6, 2.2.5.17 herein, 3.1.12, 3.2.2.3, 3.2.2.4, 3.2.2.6, 3.2.7 of Edition 2008);
——The term "transport and period of service time" has been divided into "defect during removal and transport period", "defect during storage period", "defect during installation period" and "defect during service time period" (see 2.2.2, 2.2.3, 2.2.4 and 2.2.5 herein);
——The term and definition of "collapsed coils" during removal and transport period has been added (see 2.2.2.2 herein);
——The terms and definitions of "loss of grease", "cracking of grease", "deterioration of grease" and "performance deterioration of rope" during storage period have been added (see 2.2.3.1, 2.2.3.2, 2.2.3.3 and 2.2.3.4 herein);
——The terms and definitions of "heat or electric arcing damage" and "extrusion damage" during service time period have been added (see 2.2.5.20 and 2.2.5.22 herein);
——The term "corrosion" and "pitting" of defect during service time period have been modified to "external corrosion", "internal corrosion", "friction corrosion", and those definitions have been modified (see 2.2.5.14, 2.2.5.15, 2.2.5.16 herein, 3.2.5 and 3.2.6 of Edition 2008);
——The examples of typical defects of wire rope have been added (see Annex A).
——This standard was proposed by China Iron and Steel Association.
——This standard is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 183 National Technical Committee on Iron and Steel of Standardization Administration of China.
——The previous edition of this standard is as follows:
——GB/T 21965-2008.
Steel wire ropes — Vocabulary for acceptance and defect
1 Scope
This standard defines the commonly used terms of wire rope acceptance and defects during manufacturing, handling, transportation, storage, installation and use.
This standard is applicable to the general provisions of wire rope acceptance and defect terms, but it is not applicable to the case where the product standard provides otherwise.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 Acceptance
2.1.1
acceptance
decision of acceptance or rejection that base on inspection and test of wire rope products one by one (coil) or in lots according to relevant standards, specifications or the sampling quantity, inspection quantity, inspection method and judgment principle agreed in the contract
2.1.1.1
rejection
action that the buyer will not accept the wire rope products due to the products do not meet the relevant standards and specifications
2.1.2
sampling
process of extracting individuals or samples from overall amount
Note: Because of the particularity of the steel wire rope structure, the steel wire rope needs to be firmly tied and then cut off before cutting samples to ensure that the inspection of the overall performance of the steel wire rope is not affected.
2.1.2.1
lot
set amount of product or material gathered together
Note: The wire rope lot usually refers to the unit product with the same diameter (size), structure, wire rope grade, surface state and twisting direction and delivered for acceptance at the same time.
?
2.1.2.2
lot size
quantity of products in the lot
Note: The lot number of wire rope products usually refers to the number of axles or coils in the same delivery lot.
2.1.2.3
sample
sample for measurement, inspection and detection of wire rope diameter (size), appearance quality, twisting quality, mechanical properties, technological properties and chemical properties
2.1.2.3.1
size of specimen
diameter, width and height of sample taken for quality inspection during wire rope acceptance
2.1.2.3.2
sample of wire
sample used for measuring, inspecting and testing the diameter (size), surface quality, mechanical properties, technological properties, metallographic structure and chemical properties of steel wire rope
2.1.2.3.3
sample of rope
sample for measuring, inspecting and testing the diameter (size), appearance quality, twisting quality, mechanical properties and chemical properties of steel wire rope
2.1.2.3.4
sample of core
sample used for detecting lubricant content in wire rope core, etc.
2.1.2.4
sampling inspection
inspection that bases on the statistical sampling technique, randomly selected some unit products from a lot of products, and judge the overall quality of the lot of products by detecting some unit products
2.1.2.5
all inspection
inspection of every unit product (roll or coil) delivered for acceptance
?
2.1.2.6
random sampling
method which samples the unit product in the inspection lot in a completely accidental manner
2.1.2.7
primary test
first test of the sample
2.1.2.8
retest
re-sample the original sample for the test in the case of the sample slides in the clamping jaw or casting body, breaks in the jaw or outside the specified effective range, resulting in invalid test results
2.1.2.9
repeat test
test the unqualified items in the case of the primary test is unqualified, sample according to the method and quantity specified in the standard or specification
2.1.3
inspection of steel wires
process of measuring, testing or inspecting the quality characteristics of steel wire in wire rope, such as size, chemical composition, micrographic structure, defects, mechanical and technological properties and coating properties, and evaluating the steel wire quality
2.1.3.1
sample straightening
in order to ensure the accuracy and convenience of the test, straighten the sample by hand, suitable tools or tooling, and ensure that the surface, mechanical and technological properties of the sample are not affected
2.1.3.2
product analysis
chemical analysis that verifies the chemical composition, which take samples from the wire rope
2.1.3.2.1
permissible tolerance for product analysis
the allowable value for which the finished product analysis value exceeds of the limit specified in the standard due to element segregation in steel
?
2.1.3.3
micrographic inspection
process of observing, measuring, analyzing and evaluating the macrostructure, microstructure, internal defect structure and related properties of metals and alloys by means of metallography
2.1.3.3.1
microstructure
microstructure on the section observed by microscope, which the cross section or longitudinal section of the steel wire is subjected to appropriate treatment (such as grinding, inlaying, polishing, erosion, etc.)
2.1.3.3.2
nonmetallic inclusions
non-metallic compounds such as oxides, sulfides, silicates, etc., which are produced or mixed in the deoxidation process of steel smelting and the solidification process of molten steel and cannot be eliminated after processing or heat treatment
2.1.3.3.3
decarburization
one or more chemical reactions occur in the medium in contact with the surface of the steel wire, resulting in the loss of carbon on the surface of the steel wire
Note: This carbon loss includes partial decarburization or complete decarburization.
2.1.3.3.4
martensite
supersaturated solid solution structure, which the carbon in the center of cubic structure α iron (ferrite), it is obtained by heating the steel wire to a certain temperature and cooling it rapidly
2.1.3.4
dimensions measure
determination of characteristic dimensions of cross section of circular or special-shaped steel wire
2.1.3.5
tensile test of steel wire
test of measuring tensile strength and elongation of steel wire under uniaxial static tension
2.1.3.5.1
gauge length
measurement: the length between the marking lines of the sample for measuring elongation
2.1.3.5.2
tensile rate
beam displacement per unit time or increased stress per unit time during tensile test
2.1.3.5.3
tensile strength
ratio of the maximum breaking resistance of steel wire to the original cross-sectional area of the sample under uniaxial static tension
2.1.3.5.4
knotting force
maximum force measured by the knotted steel wire sample under unidirectional static tension
2.1.3.5.5
ratio of knotting force
percentage of knotting tension and unknotting tension of the steel wire
2.1.3.5.6
percentage elongation after fracture
percentage of the increased length of gauge length to the original gauge length after the steel wire fracture
2.1.3.6
reverse bend test
test to check the ability of the steel wire to withstand plastic deformation, fix one end of the steel wire, apply a certain tensioning force, bend 90 ° around the cylindrical support with the specified radius, and then bend in the opposite direction
2.1.3.6.1
tighten force of bend
tension applied to the sample to make the steel wire in good contact with the bending cylinder
2.1.3.6.2
number of reverse bends
number of bending times which the free end of the steel wire is bent 90° from the starting position to one direction and then returned to the starting position as the first bending, and then continuously and repeatedly bent in the opposite direction until the sample breaks (the last bending does not count the number of bending times)
2.1.3.6.3
bending rate
repeated bending times of steel wire per unit time
2.1.3.7
torsion test
test to check the plastic deformation performance of steel wire when twisted in fixed or alternating direction, and show unevenness and internal and external defects
2.1.3.7.1
simple torsion
test in which the steel wire is twisted uniformly along one direction with its own axis until the sample fractures or reaches the specified number of twists
2.1.3.7.2
reverse torsion
test in which the steel wire rotates uniformly 360° in one direction around its own axis for one time, and then rotates in the opposite direction for a specified number of times or the sample fractures
2.1.3.7.3
torsion gauge length
gauge length between two grips
2.1.3.7.4
tighten force of torsion
tension applied to the steel wire to keep the sample straight
2.1.3.7.5
torsion rate
number of wraps the steel wire sample rotates around its own axis per unit time
2.1.3.7.6
type of fracture
morphology and characteristics of fracture surface of steel wire after rotating around its own axis
2.1.3.7.7
number of torsion
number of times the steel wire sample rotates around its own axis per unit time
2.1.3.8
wrap/relaxation test
test which used to check the wrapping deformation resistance or coating adhesion of the sample (with or without coating), the steel wire sample is tightly spirally wound to the specified number of turns at the specified rate on the mandrel with the diameter specified in relevant standards
2.1.3.8.1
diameter of mandrel
diameter of wrapping mandrel determined according to relevant product standards and to test the winding deformation resistance or coating adhesion of steel wire samples
2.1.3.8.2
wrap rate
number of wraps of steel wire sample spirally wound around mandrel per unit time
2.1.3.8.3
number of wrap
number of wraps of the steel wire tightly spirally wound on the mandrel with the diameter specified by relevant product standards
2.1.3.9
coating test
test to check the coating mass, adhesion and uniformity per unit area of steel wire
2.1.3.9.1
mass of coating
weight of coating per unit surface area of steel wire
2.1.3.9.2
adhesion of coating
adhesion of coating to steel wire matrix
2.1.3.9.3
continuity of coating
uniformity of coating thickness distribution on steel wire surface
2.1.3.9.4
salt spray test
environmental test for evaluating the corrosion resistance of metal materials or coatings by using artificial simulated salt spray environment conditions created by salt spray test equipment
Note: Artificial simulated salt fog environment usually includes neutral salt fog (NSS), acetic acid salt fog (AASS) and copper accelerated salt fog (CASS).
2.1.4
inspection of steel wire ropes
process of measuring, testing or checking the appearance, size, mechanical and technological properties of share split steel wire, tensile properties, fatigue properties, rotation properties, radial stiffness, oil content and other quality characteristics of steel wire rope, and evaluating its quality
2.1.4.1
visual inspection
process of evaluating the quality of steel wire rope by checking its surface quality, non-looseness, straightness, flatness, residual torsion, oiling uniformity and other quality characteristics
2.1.4.1.1
surface quality of rope
sensory evaluation index of strand and rope twisting quality
2.1.4.1.2
low internal stresses of rope
untie one end of the wire rope about two lay lengths of the two opposite stocks; if the two stocks are restored to their original positions, they will not be loose if they do not spread out by themselves
2.1.4.1.3
straightness of rope
maximum distance that the specified length of wire rope is placed on the plane without tension, or the maximum distance that the specified length of wire rope naturally droops along the vertical line without tension and its free end deviates from the vertical line
2.1.4.1.4
residual torsion of rope
number of wraps of steel wire rope with specified length that can rotate freely without tension
Note: The usually adopted inspection method of residual torsion is to pull the wire rope out of the rope end of the axle for a specified length, release its free end, and measure the number of free rotations turns under the condition of no tension.
2.1.4.2
dimension measure of rope
process of measuring and evaluating the quality characteristics of wire rope diameter or size, out of roundness, lay length, strand gap, steel wire diameter or size, central steel wire diameter, etc.
2.1.4.2.1
diameter or dimension of rope
characteristic dimension of pitch diameter of round rope cross section or non-round cross section, such as width and thickness
?
2.1.4.2.2
out-of-roundness of rope
percentage of the difference between the maximum and the minimum diameter measured in the same cross section of rope to the nominal diameter of rope
2.1.4.2.3
lay length of rope
length between two corresponding points which end one cycle or spiral of surrounding a rope by an outer steel wire of single-strand rope, an outer steel wire of multi-strand rope or a unit rope of a cable-type rope, paralleling to the rope axis
2.1.4.2.4
strand clearance
distance between two adjacent strands in the same layer
2.1.4.2.5
diameter or dimension of wire
cross-sectional diameter of round wire, height of fully sealed wire or height and width of semi-sealed wire
2.1.4.2.6
diameter of centre wire
cross-sectional diameter of wire located at the center of single-twist rope or at the center of multi-strand rope
2.1.4.3
dismantle strand test
test for determining the total breaking force for rope and performance including tension (tensile strength), reverse bend, torsion, wrapping, mass of coating, adhesion of coating and continuity of coating for rope by dismantling wire strand (partially or totally) into single wire
2.1.4.4
tensile test of rope
test for determining the breaking force and percentage elongation with the sample under unidirectional static tension
2.1.4.4.1
method of gripping
method of gripping the rope sample on test machine
2.1.4.4.1.1
method of alloy poured socketing
method of conducting the tensile test of steel wire by gripping the loose end of rope sample (which has been poured with alloy and cooled to room temperature) into the grip hub of test machine
2.1.4.4.1.2
method of resin pouring
method of conducting the tensile test of steel wire by gripping the loose end of rope sample (which has been poured with resin and solidified) into the grip hub of test machine
2.1.4.4.1.3
method of ferrule pressing
method of conducting the tensile test of steel wire by tightly gripping the rope sample with ferrule and then gripping into the grip hub of test machine
2.1.4.4.1.4
method of direct gripping
method of conducting the tensile test of steel wire by directly gripping the rope sample into the grip hub of test machine
2.1.4.4.1.5
method of wrapping
method of conducting the tensile test of steel wire by directly wrapping the rope sample on the wrapping wheel of test machine
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Terms and definitions
Annex A (Informative) Examples of typical defects of steel wire ropes
Bibliography
Index
鋼絲繩 驗收及缺陷術語
1 范圍
本標準界定了制造、搬運和運輸、貯存、安裝和使用過程中鋼絲繩驗收及缺陷常用的術語。
本標準適用于鋼絲繩驗收及缺陷術語的一般規定，不適用于產品標準另有規定的情況。
2 術語和定義
2.1 驗收
2.1.1
驗收 acceptance
依據相關標準、規范規定或合同約定的取樣數量、檢驗數量、檢驗方法和判定原則，對鋼絲繩產品逐輪(卷)或成批進行檢查和檢測，并做出接收或拒收的決定。
2.1.1.1
拒收 rejection
需方對不符合相關標準、規范等規定的鋼絲繩產品，不予以接受的行為。
2.1.2
取樣 sampling
從總體中抽取個體或樣品的過程。
注：由于鋼絲繩結構的特殊性，在截取樣品前需對鋼絲繩進行牢固捆扎然后再截斷，以保證鋼絲繩整體性能的檢驗不受影響。
2.1.2.1
批 lot
匯集在一起的一定數量的某種產品或材料。
注：鋼絲繩的批通常是指由同一直徑(尺寸)、結構、鋼絲繩級、表面狀態、捻制方向且同時交付驗收的單位產品。
2.1.2.2
批量 lot size
批中產品的數量。
注：鋼絲繩產品的批量通常是指同交付批中輪軸或盤卷的數量。
2.1.2.3
試樣 sample
用于鋼絲繩直徑(尺寸)、外觀質量、捻制質量、力學性能、工藝性能和化學性能等測量、檢查和檢測的樣品。
2.1.2.3.1
試樣尺寸 size of specimen
鋼絲繩驗收時為檢驗質量所采取樣品的直徑，或寬度和高度。
2.1.2.3.2
鋼絲試樣 sample of wire
用于鋼絲繩中鋼絲直徑(尺寸)、表面質量、力學性能、工藝性能、金相組織和化學性能等測量、檢查和檢測的樣品。
2.1.2.3.3
鋼絲繩試樣 sample of rope
用于鋼絲繩直徑(尺寸)、外觀質量、捻制質量、力學性能和化學性能等測量、檢查和檢測的樣品。
2.1.2.3.4
鋼絲繩芯試樣 sample of core
用于鋼絲繩中繩芯潤滑劑含量等檢測的樣品。
2.1.2.4
抽樣檢驗 sampling inspection
根據統計抽樣技術，從一批產品的總體中隨機抽取部分單位產品，通過檢測部分單位產品來推斷該批產品總體的質量。
2.1.2.5
全部檢驗 all inspection
對交付驗收的每個單位產品(輪或卷)都進行檢驗。
2.1.2.6
隨機抽樣 random sampling
從檢查批中單位產品被抽入樣本完全是偶然的抽取樣本的方法。
2.1.2.7
初試 primary test
對試樣的第一次試驗。
2.1.2.8
重試 retest
試驗過程中，試樣在夾持鉗口或澆鑄體內出現滑動、在鉗口內或規定有效范圍外斷裂，導致試驗結果無效，在原樣品上重新取樣進行試驗。
2.1.2.9
復試 repeat test
初試不合格時，按標準或規范規定的方法和數量取樣，對不合格項目進行試驗。
2.1.3
鋼絲檢驗 inspection of steel wires
通過對鋼絲繩中鋼絲尺寸，化學成分、金相組織、缺陷、力學及工藝性能、鍍層性能等質量特性測量、測試或檢查，并對其質量進行評價的過程。
2.1.3.1
試樣矯直 sample straightening
為了試驗準確和便于試驗，用手、適宜的工具或工裝將試樣矯直，保證試樣表面和力學及工藝性能不受影響。
2.1.3.2
成品分析 product analysis
用于驗證化學成分，從鋼絲繩上采取試樣，對其進行的化學分析。
2.1.3.2.1
成品化學成分允許偏差 permissible tolerance for product analysis
由于鋼中元素偏析，成品分析值超出標準規定的限值的允許的數值。
2.1.3.3
金相檢驗 micrographic inspection
應用金相學方法，對金屬和合金的宏觀組織、顯微組織及其內部缺陷組織和相關性能等進行觀察、測定、分析和評價的過程。
2.1.3.3.1
顯微組織 microstructure
采用適當的方法(如磨片、鑲嵌、拋光、侵蝕等)對鋼絲的橫截面或縱截面進行處理，通過顯微鏡觀察到的截面上的組織結構。
2.1.3.3.2
非金屬夾雜物 nonmetallic inclusions
鋼材冶煉脫氧過程和鋼液凝固過程中產生或混入的，經加工或熱處理仍不能消除的氧化物、硫化物、硅酸鹽等非金屬化合物。
2.1.3.3.3
脫碳 decarburization
鋼絲與表面接觸的介質發生一種或多種化學反應，導致鋼絲表層上碳的損失。
注：這種碳的損失包括部分脫碳或完全脫碳。
2.1.3.3.4
馬氏體 martensite
鋼絲加熱到一定溫度后迅速冷卻，得到的一種碳在體心立方結構的α鐵(鐵素體)中的過飽和固溶體組織。
2.1.3.4
尺寸測量 dimensions measure
圓形或異形鋼絲橫截面特征尺寸的測定。
2.1.3.5
拉伸試驗 tensile test of steel wire
鋼絲在單向靜拉力作用下，測定抗拉強度及伸長率等項目的試驗。
2.1.3.5.1
標距 gauge length
測：量伸長用的試樣標線之間的長度。
2.1.3.5.2
拉伸速率 tensile rate
拉伸試驗時單位時間的橫梁位移或單位時間增加的應力。
2.1.3.5.3
抗拉強度 tensile strength
鋼絲在單向靜拉力作用下抵抗破斷的最大力與試樣原始橫截面積之比。
2.1.3.5.4
打結拉力 knotting force
打結后的鋼絲試樣在單向靜拉力作用下測得的最大力。
2.1.3.5.5
打結率 ratio of knotting force
打結拉力與該鋼絲不打結拉力的百分比。
2.1.3.5.6
斷后伸長率 percentage elongation after fracture
鋼絲拉斷后，標距部分增加的長度與原始標距長度的百分比。
2.1.3.6
反復彎曲試驗 reverse bend test
將鋼絲一端固定，施加一定的拉緊力，繞規定半徑的圓柱支座彎曲90°，再沿相反方向彎曲，檢查鋼絲承受塑性變形能力的試驗。
2.1.3.6.1
彎曲張緊力 tighten force of bend
為使鋼絲與彎曲圓柱良好接觸，給試樣施加的張緊力。
2.1.3.6.2
反復彎曲次數 number of reverse bends
鋼絲試樣自由端從起始位置向一個方向彎曲90°再返回至起始位置作為第一次彎曲，然后一次向相反方向進行連續不間斷的反復彎曲直至試樣斷裂前的次數(即最后一次彎曲不計人彎曲次數)。
2.1.3.6.3
彎曲速率 bending rate
鋼絲試樣單位時間的反復彎曲次數。
2.1.3.7
扭轉試驗 torsion test
檢查鋼絲在固定或交變方向扭轉時的塑性變形性能，并顯示不均勻性及內外缺陷的試驗。
2.1.3.7.1
單向扭轉 simple torsion
鋼絲以自身為軸線，沿一個方向均勻扭轉至試樣斷裂或達到規定扭轉次數的試驗。
2.1.3.7.2
雙向扭轉 reverse torsion
鋼絲試樣繞自身軸線向一個方向均勻旋轉360°作為一次，扭轉至規定次數后，再向相反方向旋轉至規定次數或試樣斷裂的試驗。
2.1.3.7.3
扭轉標距 torsion gauge length
兩夾頭之間的標距長度。
2.1.3.7.4
扭轉拉緊力 tighten force of torsion
為使試樣保持平直施加到鋼絲上的拉緊力。
2.1.3.7.5
扭轉速率 torsion rate
單位時間內鋼絲試樣繞其自身軸線旋轉的圈數。
2.1.3.7.6
斷口類型 type of fracture
鋼絲試樣繞其自身軸線旋轉斷裂后斷口的形貌和特征。
2.1.3.7.7
扭轉次數 number of torsion
單位時間內鋼絲試樣繞其自身軸線旋轉次數。
2.1.3.8
纏繞/松懈試驗 wrap/relaxation test
將鋼絲試樣在符合相關標準規定直徑的芯棒上按規定的速率緊密螺旋纏繞至規定圈數，用于檢查試樣(有鍍層或無鍍層)承受纏繞變形能力或鍍層附著性的試驗。
2.1.3.8.1
芯棒直徑 diameter of mandrel
為檢驗鋼絲試樣承受纏繞變形能力或鍍層附著性，根據相關產品標準確定的纏繞芯棒的直徑。
2.1.3.8.2
纏繞速率 wrap rate
單位時間內鋼絲試樣圍繞芯棒螺旋纏繞的圈數。
2.1.3.8.3
纏繞圈數 number of wrap
鋼絲試樣在符合相關產品標準規定的直徑的芯棒上緊密螺旋纏繞的圈數。
2.1.3.9
鍍層試驗 coating test
檢查鋼絲單位面積的鍍層重量、附著性及均勻性的試驗。
2.1.3.9.1
鍍層重量 mass of coating
鋼絲單位表面積上鍍層的重量。
2.1.3.9.2
鍍層附著性 adhesion of coating
鍍層與鋼絲基體結合的附著性。
2.1.3.9.3
鍍層均勻性 continuity of coating
鋼絲表面鍍層厚度分布的均勻性。
2.1.3.9.4
鹽霧試驗 salt spray test
利用鹽霧試驗設備所創造的人工模擬鹽霧環境條件來考核金屬材料或覆蓋層耐腐蝕性能的環境試驗。
注：人工模擬鹽霧環境通常包括中性鹽霧(NSS)，乙酸鹽霧(AASS)和銅加速鹽霧(CASS)。
2.1.4
鋼絲繩檢驗 inspection of steel wire ropes
通過對鋼絲繩外觀、尺寸、拆股鋼絲力學及工藝性能、拉伸性能、疲勞性能、旋轉性能、徑向剛度、含油率等質量特性測量、測試或檢查，并對其質量進行評價的過程。
2.1.4.1
外觀檢查 visual inspection
通過對鋼絲繩表面質量、不松散性、平直度、平整度、殘余扭轉、涂油均勻性等質量特性檢查，并對其質量進行評價的過程。
2.1.4.1.1
表面質量 surface quality of rope
鋼絲繩股和繩捻制質量的感官評價指標。
2.1.4.1.2
不松散性 low internal stresses of rope
將鋼絲繩一端解開相對的兩個股約2個捻距，將這兩個股恢復原位后，如果不自行散開即為不松散。
2.1.4.1.3
平直度 straightness of rope
規定長度的鋼絲繩在無張力的條件下放置在平面上，其偏離軸線的最大距離，或規定長度的鋼絲繩在無張力的條件下沿垂線自然下垂，其自由端偏離垂線的最大距離。
2.1.4.1.4
殘余扭轉 residual torsion of rope
規定長度的鋼絲繩在無張力的條件下自由回轉的圈數。
注：殘余扭轉的檢查方法通常是將鋼絲繩從輪軸的繩端拉出規定長度，將其自由端放開，在無張力的條件下測得的自由回轉的圈數。
2.1.4.2
鋼絲繩尺寸測量 dimension measure of rope
通過對鋼絲繩直徑或尺寸、不圓度、捻距、股間隙、鋼絲直徑或尺寸、中心鋼絲直徑等質量特性測量，并對其進行評價的過程。
2.1.4.2.1
鋼絲繩直徑/尺寸 diameter or dimension of rope
圓鋼絲繩橫截面的節圓直徑或非圓橫截面的特征尺寸(如寬度和厚度)。
2.1.4.2.2
不圓度 out-of-roundness of rope
鋼絲繩同一橫截面上測得的最大直徑和最小直徑的差值與鋼絲繩公稱直徑的百分比值。
2.1.4.2.3
捻距 lay length of rope
單股鋼絲繩的外層鋼絲、多股鋼絲繩的外層股或纜式鋼絲繩的單元鋼絲繩圍繞鋼絲繩旋轉一周或一個螺旋，且平行于鋼絲繩軸線的對應兩點間的距離。
2.1.4.2.4
股間隙 strand clearance
同一層股中兩相鄰股之間的距離。
2.1.4.2.5
鋼絲直徑/尺寸 diameter or dimension of wire
圓鋼絲的橫截面直徑、全密封鋼絲的高度或半密封鋼絲的高度和寬度。
2.1.4.2.6
中心鋼絲直徑 diameter of centre wire
單捻鋼絲繩中位于鋼絲繩中心位置或多股鋼絲繩中位于股中心位置的鋼絲橫截面直徑。
2.1.4.3
拆股試驗 dismantle strand test
將鋼絲繩股(部分或全部)拆散成單根鋼絲，用于測定鋼絲破斷拉力總和及鋼絲的拉力(抗拉強度)、反復彎曲、扭轉、纏繞、鍍層重量、鍍層附著性、鍍層均勻性等性能的試驗。
2.1.4.4
鋼絲繩拉伸試驗 tensile test of rope
鋼絲繩試樣在單向靜拉力作用下，測定其破斷拉力及伸長率等性能的試驗。
2.1.4.4.1
試樣夾持方法 method of gripping
將鋼絲繩試樣加持在試驗機上的方法。
2.1.4.4.1.1
合金澆鑄法 method of alloy poured socketing
將鋼絲繩試樣散頭用熔融金屬澆鑄，冷卻到常溫后，夾持在試驗機夾具座內進行拉伸試驗的方法。
2.1.4.4.1.2
樹脂澆注法 method of resin pouring
將鋼絲繩試樣散頭用樹脂澆鑄，放置凝固后，夾持在試驗機夾具座內進行拉伸試驗的方法。
2.1.4.4.1.3
套管壓制法 method of ferrule pressing
將鋼絲繩試樣用套管壓緊，再夾持在試驗機夾具內進行拉伸試驗的方法。
2.1.4.4.1.4
直接夾持法 method of direct gripping
鋼絲繩試樣直接夾持在試驗機夾具內進行拉伸試驗的方法。
2.1.4.4.1.5
纏繞法 method of wrapping
將鋼絲繩試樣直接纏繞在試驗機纏繞輪上進行拉伸試驗的方法。
2.1.4.4.2
鋼絲繩伸長率 percentage elongation of rope
在工作載荷或規定載荷下，鋼絲繩在彈性范圍內產生的總伸長與原始標距的百分比。
2.1.4.4.3
彈性伸長率 percentage elastic elongation of rope
在工作載荷或規定載荷下，鋼絲繩在彈性范圍內產生的可以恢復的伸長與原始標距的百分比。
2.1.4.4.4
永久延伸率 percentage permanent elongation of rope
在工作載荷或規定載荷下，鋼絲繩在彈性范圍內由于股中鋼絲和繩中股的位置發生變化產生的不可恢復的伸長與原始標距的百分比。
注：永久延伸率也稱結構伸長率。
2.1.4.4.5
實際彈性模量測定 determination of the actual modulus elasticity for rope
按照規定的試驗方法，測定鋼絲繩試樣應力—應變關系曲線中常數的試驗。
2.1.4.4.6
實測破斷拉力測定 determination of the breaking force for rope
按照規定的試驗方法，測定鋼絲繩試樣破斷時或出現第一根斷絲時拉力值的試驗。
2.1.4.4.7
破斷位置和形式 position and type of fracture
按照規定的拉伸試驗方法將鋼絲繩拉伸至第一根鋼絲斷裂或鋼絲繩破斷時，斷絲或破斷的位置、數量和形貌。
2.1.4.5
彎曲疲勞試驗 bending fatigue test of rope
鋼絲繩以一定的包角繞過試驗輪。并對其施加規定的載荷，以一定的頻率對其進行反復彎曲，評價其承受反復彎曲能力的試驗。
2.1.4.6
軸向應力疲勞試驗 axial stress fatigue test of rope
按照規定的試驗方法，測定鋼絲繩試樣在規定的交變應力作用下，承受軸向沖擊載荷能力的試驗。
2.1.4.7
旋轉性能試驗 rotational property test of rope
按照規定的試驗方法，測定鋼絲繩試樣單位長度上的旋轉度和扭矩的試驗。
2.1.4.7.1
鋼絲繩扭矩 torque of ropes
在保持鋼絲繩兩端不旋轉的條件下，對其施加靜態拉伸負荷，通過試驗或計算所確定的以牛米(N·m)表示的特性值。
2.1.4.7.2
鋼絲繩旋轉度 turn of rope
在保持鋼絲繩兩端不旋轉的條件下，對其施加靜態拉伸負荷，通過試驗或計算所確定的以單位長度轉動的圈數或度數表示的特性值。
2.1.4.8
鋼絲繩徑向剛度試驗 transverse rigidity test of rope
測定無軸向荷載條件下鋼絲繩抵抗徑向變形能力的試驗。
2.1.4.9
含油率 lubricant content
鋼絲繩含油率、纖維繩芯含油率和股含油率的統稱。
2.1.4.9.1
鋼絲繩含油率 lubricant content in rope
鋼絲繩(含繩芯)表面吸附的鋼絲繩潤滑脂質量與去除油脂后鋼絲繩(含繩芯)質量的百分比。
2.1.4.9.2
纖維繩芯含油率 lubricant content in fibre core
纖維繩芯表面吸附的鋼絲繩潤滑脂質量與去除油脂后干纖維芯質量的百分比。
2.1.4.9.3
股含油率 lubricant content in strand
繩股表面吸附的鋼絲繩潤滑脂質量與去除油脂后繩股質量的百分數。
2.2 缺陷
注：附錄A給出了各種缺陷的典型實例。
2.2.1
制造期間的缺陷 defect during manufacture
在鋼絲拉拔、捻股、合繩過程中產生的影響鋼絲繩使用的各種缺陷。
2.2.1.1
斷絲 fracture of wire
鋼絲繩股中出現鋼絲斷裂的現象。
2.2.1.2
缺絲 lack of wire
鋼絲繩股中全長或部分長度上缺少鋼絲的現象。
2.2.1.3
跳絲 skip wire
鋼絲繩表面出現鋼絲成弓形或環形凸起的現象。
2.2.1.4
鋼絲交錯 transposition of wires
鋼絲繩股中出現鋼絲交叉，鋼絲不在規定的幾何位置的現象。
2.2.1.5
混絲徑 mixture of wire
鋼絲繩股中相同公稱直徑鋼絲中出現超出規定的允許偏差的現象。
2.2.1.6
混強度 mixture of strength
鋼絲繩股中相同公稱抗拉強度級鋼絲中出現不符合本級別抗拉強度范圍的鋼絲的現象。
2.2.1.7
中心鋼絲未加大 no enlargement of centre wire
鋼絲繩中相同鋼絲直徑捻制的股，中心鋼絲直徑未按規定加大的現象。
2.2.1.8
拉傷 drawing flaw
拉拔過程中，由于模具等工裝存在缺陷或潤滑條件不佳造成的鋼絲表面劃痕、裂紋等損傷現象。
2.2.1.9
分層 delamination
鋼絲沿縱向出現的金屬分層現象。
2.2.1.10
竹節 undulation
鋼絲表面沿縱向出現周期性的直徑粗細不均、形狀類似竹節的現象。
2.2.1.11
浮銹 free rust
鋼絲繩由于鋼絲烘干欠缺、大氣環境潮濕等原因引起的鋼絲表面輕微氧化的現象。
注：浮銹通常可以用手擦掉，一般對使用性能無影響。
2.2.1.12
銹蝕 corrosion
鋼絲表面局部或整體出現氧化的現象。
2.2.1.13
麻點 pitting
鋼絲表面出現呈點狀或片狀分布的凹狀粗糙面現象。
2.2.1.14
接頭不良 irregular joining of wire
鋼絲繩中鋼絲接頭方法不當，造成的接頭中心不正、焊接接頭局部過大的現象。
2.2.1.15
鍍層開裂 crack of coating
鋼絲表面鍍層出現裂紋或分層的現象。
2.2.1.16
鍍層脫落 desquamation of coating
鋼絲表面鍍層出現脫落的現象。
2.2.1.17
股絲松動 slack of wire in strand
鋼絲繩股中鋼絲出現松動的現象。
2.2.1.18
股絲松散 untwisting of wire in strand
鋼絲繩端頭松解或截斷后，股中鋼絲部分或全部散開不能再復位的現象。
2.2.1.19
股芯外露 exposure of strand core
股芯從鋼絲縫隙間露出的現象。
2.2.1.20
股松弛 relaxation of strands
鋼絲繩中股變形量不一致或松緊程度不均勻，出現鋼絲繩不平整、股突起或陷落的現象。
2.2.1.21
股間隙不均勻 non-uniform of strand clearance
鋼絲繩中各股之間的間距大小不一致的現象。
2.2.1.22
鋼絲繩松散 flare of rope
鋼絲繩端頭松解或截斷后，股自行散開或打開后不能復位的現象。
2.2.1.23
捻距不均 variation in lay length
鋼絲繩或股全長或局部出現捻距不一致的現象。
2.2.1.24
鋼絲繩直徑超差 out-of-tolerance of rope diameter
鋼絲繩全長或局部的直徑低于標準規定的下限或高于標準規定的上限的現象。
2.2.1.25
鋼絲繩不圓度超差 out-of-tolerance of rope
鋼絲繩的不圓度超出標準規定限值的現象。
2.2.1.26
繩芯外露 exposure of rope core
繩芯從鋼絲繩局部或全長的股縫隙間露出的現象。
2.2.1.27
涂油不良 irregular greasing
鋼絲繩表面油脂不均勻或繩芯油脂缺失的現象。
2.2.2
搬運和運輸期間的缺陷 defect during removal and transport period
在鋼絲繩搬運、裝卸和運輸過程中產生的影響鋼絲繩使用的各種缺陷。
2.2.2.1
表面損傷 surface damage
由于吊裝方法不正確、裝卸工具不合適或裝卸不當，造成的鋼絲繩表面局部壓傷、碰傷、掛傷、刮傷、劃傷等現象。
2.2.2.2
盤卷散亂 collapsed coils
由于吊裝方法不正確、裝卸工具不合適或高處滾落造成鋼絲繩輪軸嚴重變形或散架，導致鋼絲繩盤卷散亂、無法解卷或安裝的現象。
2.2.3
貯存期間的缺陷 defect during storage period
在鋼絲繩貯存過程中產生的影響鋼絲繩使用的各種缺陷。
2.2.3.1
油脂流失 loss of grease
由于貯存環境溫度過高或長時間陽光下直射，導致鋼絲繩表面油脂甚至繩芯油脂溶化流失的現象。
2.2.3.2
油脂龜裂 cracking of grease
由于鋼絲繩在低溫或干燥環境條件下存放時間過長，導致鋼絲表面油脂出現縱橫交錯細小裂紋的現象。
2.2.3.3
油脂變質 deterioration of grease
鋼絲繩長時間存放在化工產品、化學煙霧、蒸汽或其他腐蝕劑侵襲的場所或露天存放等，導致鋼絲繩油脂變質甚至鋼絲繩銹蝕的現象。
2.2.3.4
性能劣化 performance deterioration of rope
鋼絲繩因存放時間過長，導致油脂失效或鋼絲的力學及工藝性能降低甚至達不到相關產品標準或規范的最低要求的現象。通常鋼絲繩驗收期應不超過一年。
2.2.4
安裝期間的缺陷 defect during installation period
在鋼絲繩安裝過程中產生的影響鋼絲繩使用的各種缺陷。
2.2.4.1
磨損損傷 wear damage
鋼絲繩安裝過程中，因與堅硬物體或粗糙地面摩擦、刮蹭等產生的鋼絲繩表面損傷現象。
2.2.4.2
扭結 kink
由于解卷方法不正確，鋼絲繩解開一圈產生一個360°的附加扭轉，在未消除附加扭轉的情況下將鋼絲繩拉緊，產生的加捻或退捻的現象。
2.2.4.3
折彎 bend in rope
由于解卷方法不正確或外力作用，導致鋼絲繩局部產生一定角度永久變形的現象。
2.2.5
使用期間的缺陷 defect during service time period
在鋼絲繩使用過程中產生的影響鋼絲繩使用的各種缺陷。
2.2.5.1
波浪形 waviness
鋼絲繩由于受到突然的沖擊或撞擊，產生的沿其縱向軸線呈現波浪形狀的現象。
2.2.5.2
籠狀畸形basket deformation
多股鋼絲繩由于大載荷下突然松弛，或受到附加力矩作用，或繞過多個滑輪組，引起外層股浮起而形成類似燈籠狀形狀的現象。
2.2.5.3
繩芯或繩股突出 corn or strand protrusion
繩芯或繩股從鋼絲繩的縫隙之間被擠出的現象。
2.2.5.4
鋼絲環狀突出 protruding wire in loops
鋼絲或鋼絲束在鋼絲繩一側拱起成環狀突出的現象。
2.2.5.5
扭結 kink
鋼絲繩成環狀在不可能繞其軸線轉動的情況下被拉緊而造成的變形，鋼絲繩局部有加捻或退捻的現象。
2.2.5.6
局部扁平 flattened portion
鋼絲繩由于外力沖擊、排繩混亂、從繩槽中滑出等造成的鋼絲繩局部壓扁的現象。
2.2.5.7
繩徑局部減小 local decrease in diameter
鋼絲繩因機械磨損、繩芯縮細、局部銹蝕、局部扭結、過載及斷絲等原因造成局部直徑減小的現象。
2.2.5.8
繩徑局部增大 local increase in diameter
鋼絲繩因纖維繩芯吸收過多水分、金屬繩芯受到沖擊等造成的局部直徑增大的現象。
2.2.5.9
折彎 bend in rope
鋼絲繩因局部受到沖擊而產生的不可恢復的角度變形的現象。
2.2.5.10
內部磨損 inter wear
鋼絲繩因股絲間承受載荷不同、相互擠壓等原因產生內層鋼絲磨損的現象。
2.2.5.11
外部磨損 outside wear
鋼絲繩因與滑輪、卷筒、支撐輥、硬物等接觸而引起的外層鋼絲磨損的現象。
2.2.5.12
局部磨損 local wear
鋼絲繩因局部擠壓、滑輪劇烈振動沖擊或因滑輪與卷筒中心偏斜等引起的鋼絲磨損的現象。
2.2.5.13
白亮層 white-bright layer
鋼絲繩因與外部劇烈摩擦，使鋼絲表面溫度瞬間達到淬火臨界溫度，繼而急劇冷卻在鋼絲表面形成的硬而脆的白亮層組織的現象。
2.2.5.14
外部腐蝕 external corrosion
鋼絲表面受使用環境中介質作用引起的化學或電化學腐蝕現象。
注：輕微的表面氧化能夠擦凈，重度的表面手感粗糙，嚴重的表面出現麻坑甚至鋼絲松動。
2.2.5.15
內部腐蝕 internal corrosion
鋼絲繩繩芯吸附水分或腐蝕性介質造成內部鋼絲被腐蝕的現象，嚴重時腐蝕碎屑會從繩股縫隙間溢出。
2.2.5.16
摩擦腐蝕 friction corrosion
干燥的鋼絲和繩股之間持續的相互摩擦產生鋼質微小顆粒，發生氧化形成干粉狀內部碎屑的現象。
2.2.5.17
繩端固定處斷絲 wire breaks at a termination
繩端安裝不正確或受到沖擊作用等原因而引起鋼絲繩繩端或其附近出現斷絲的現象。
2.2.5.18
斷絲局部聚集 local conglomeration of fracturing wire
局部出現大量斷絲的現象。
2.2.5.19
繩股斷裂 fracture of strands
鋼絲繩由于過載、卡阻、磨損、腐蝕等原因導致整股鋼絲斷裂的現象。
2.2.5.20
熱或電弧灼傷 heat or electric arcing damage
鋼絲繩受到異常高溫、電弧(如焊接引線接地)或雷擊的影響，造成鋼絲表面顏色變化、油脂消失甚至金屬熔化的現象。
2.2.5.21
彈性降低 decrease of elasticity
鋼絲繩因反復繞過卷筒、滑輪、旋轉、彎折、載荷沖擊或相互擠壓等作用引起的韌性減少、彈性顯著降低的現象。
2.2.5.22
擠壓損傷 extrusion damage
使用中的鋼絲繩從繩槽中滑出、在卷筒上排繞混亂、支撐裝置轉動失靈、繩槽與鋼絲繩直徑不匹配、多層纏繞鋼絲繩遭受瞬間外力作用等，導致鋼絲繩被卡阻產生的擠壓損傷現象。
附錄A
