標準編號:	GB/T 34370.5-2017
中文名稱:	游樂設施無損檢測 第5部分：超聲檢測
英文名稱:	Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments―Part 5:Ultrasonic testing
中標分類:	Y57    玩具
行業分類:	GB    國家標準
ICS分類:	97.200.40 97.200.40    游戲場 97.200.40
發布機構:	中華人民共和國國家質量監督檢驗檢疫總局 中國國家標準化管理委員會
發布日期:	2017-09-29
實施日期:	2018-4-1
標準狀態:	valid
翻譯語言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符數:	82000 字
翻譯價格(元):	1300.0
交付時間:	付款后 1 個工作日

Codeofchina.com is in charge of this English translation. In case of any doubt about the English translation, the Chinese original shall be considered authoritative. GB/T 34370 consists of the following eleven parts under the general title Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments: ——Part 1: General requirement; ——Part 2: Visual examination; ——Part 3: Magnetic particle testing; ——Part 4: Penetrant testing; ——Part 5: Ultrasonic testing; ——Part 6: Radiographic testing; ——Part 7: Eddy current testing; ——Part 8: Acoustic emission testing; ——Part 9: Magnetic flux leakage testing; ——Part 10: Magnetic memory testing; ——Part 11: Ultrasonic guided wave testing. This is Part 5 of GB/T 34370. This part is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This part was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 250 National Technical Committee on Ropeway and Entertainment Facilities of Standardization Administration of China. Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 5: Ultrasonic testing 1 Scope This part of GB/T 34370 specifies the ultrasonic testing method for amusement equipment as well as quality grading and ultrasonic thickness measurement requirements. It is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of metal raw materials, parts and components as well as welded joints of both amusement equipment and in-use amusement equipment. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. GB/T 7233.1 Steel castings - Ultrasonic examination - Part 1: Steel castings for general purposes GB/T 11344 Non-destructive testing - Practice for measuring thickness by ultrasonic pulse-echo contact method GB/T 12604.1 Non-destructive testing - Terminology - Terms used in ultrasonic testing GB/T 20306 Amusement devices terminology GB/T 20737 Non-destructive testing - General terms and definitions GB/T 27664.1 Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test equipment - Part 1: Instruments GB/T 27664.2 Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test equipment - Part 2: Probes GB/T 29302 Non-destructive testing instruments - Characterization and verification of phased array ultrasonic examination systems GB/T 34370.1 Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 1: General requirement JB/T 8428 Non-destructive testing - General specification for ultrasonic blocks JB/T 9214 Non-destructive testing - Test methods for evaluating performance characteristics of A-scan pulse-echo ultrasonic testing systems JB/T 10062 Testing methods for performance of probes used in ultrasonic flaw detection JB/T 11604 Non-destructive testing instruments - Ultrasonic thickness gauge JB/T 11731 Non-destructive testing - General specification for ultrasonic phased array probe JB/T 11779 Non-destructive testing instrument - Specifications for phased array ultrasonic testing instruments 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this standard, the terms and definition specified in GB/T 12604.1, GB/T 20306, GB/T 20737 and GB/T 34370.1 and the following apply. 3.1 loss of back reflection caused by flaws BG/BF(dB) the ratio of the first bottom echo amplitude BG in the flaw-free area near the flaw area to the first bottom echo amplitude BF in the flaw area, it is expressed by dB 3.2 basic and scanning sensitivities f basic sensitivity is generally referred to as record sensitivity, it is usually used for sizing and grading of flaws, while scanning sensitivity mainly refers to the actual test sensitivity. for fear of missing the record flaws or certain specific flaws, and in order to ensure the safety of amusement equipment, the higher scanning sensitivity shall be adopted in actual testing. In principle, the scanning sensitivity shall not be lower than the basic sensitivity 3.3 focusing angle beam probe ultrasonic angle probe converging the ultrasonic beam with a focusing method of lenticular, emissive, and a curved crystal form to improve the test sensitivity 3.4 tip diffraction phenomenon that wavefront bends around the edge of the flaw and spreads in the center of the circle when it passes through the flaw during the propagation of ultrasonic waves 3.5 maximum tip reflected wave when the tip echo amplitude of flaw reaches the maximum (namely, the instantaneous amplitude position before the tip echo peak of flaw starts to fall down), such echo is referred to as maximum tip reflected wave of flaw 3.6 echo dynamic patterns dynamic pattern is the envelope line of probe movement distance and the echo amplitude variation of corresponding flaw reflector 3.7 base material nominal thicknesses t a) as for plate butt joints, if the base metal thicknesses at both sides of weld are the same, t is the thickness of base metal; if not, t is the nominal thickness of the thinner side of the base metal; b) as for T-shaped welded joint, t is the nominal thickness of web 3.8 tube diameter Do outside diameter of a tube 3.9 axis diameter diameter of solid axis refers to the outer diameter of axis, where there is a step, it refers to the diameter of working surface; diameter of hollow axis includes inner diameter (DI) and outer diameter (Do), where there is a step, the inner and outer diameters are determined according to the diameter of working surface 3.10 a cluster of flaws five or more flaw reflected signals are present over the range of 50mm sound path distance of fluorescent screen scanning line; or five or more flaw reflected signals are present on 50mm×50mm testing surface in the same depth range, and all the reflected wave amplitudes are greater than the basic reflected wave amplitude of certain equivalent flaw 3.11 flaw height size of flaw in wall thickness direction 3.12 flaw evaluation zone a zone with certain size set to evaluate the quantity and intensity of flaws in quality grading evaluation, which may be square or rectangular, flaw evaluation zone shall be selected in the area with the most serious flaws 3.13 inspection distance it refers to the one-through sound path distance during test with ultrasonic normal probe 4 Method summary 4.1 Ultrasonic wave is the mechanical wave above 20kHz and the frequency of ultrasonic wave used in ultrasonic testing of industrial nondestructive testing is generally between 0.5MHz and5MHz. 4.2 Ultrasonic wave propagates at a certain speed and direction in a material and will be reflected or diffracted in case of encountering a heterogeneous interface (such as a flaw or the bottom of the object to be tested) with different acoustic impedance. 4.3 Reflective ultrasonic testing is to test flaw or measure thickness by taking advantage of this reflection phenomenon. Figure 1a) to Figure 1c) are schematic diagrams for A-scan pulse obliquely incident ultrasonic testing, A-scan pulse vertically incident ultrasonic testing and A-scan pulse-echo ultrasonic testing. Figure 2 is the schematic diagram for phased array ultrasonic testing. a) A-scan pulse obliquely incident ultrasonic testing b) A-scan pulse vertically incident ultrasonic testing c) A-scan pulse-echo ultrasonic thickness measurement Figure 1 Schematic diagram for A-scan pulse-echo ultrasonic testing a) Focusing b) Sound beam control c) Phased array B scan d) Comparison of test effects Figure 2 Schematic diagram for phased array ultrasonic testing 5 Safety requirements 5.1 This clause does not list all the safety requirements for testing. Users adopting this part shall establish safety guidelines prior to testing. 5.2 The safety requirements during testing shall include at least: a) the testing personnel shall observe the safety requirements of the site for the test object, wear protective clothing and relevant protective equipments as required on the testing site; b) the wall temperature of the tested workpiece during testing shall be within the temperature range for the normal working of couplant c) attention shall be paid to that couplant will lead to defective insulation and electrical shorts during ultrasonic testing; d) after amusement equipment is put into operation, attention shall be paid to the temperature of the tested workpiece to avoid scalding. 6 Requirements for personnel Personnel engaged in ultrasonic testing of amusement equipment shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T 34370.1. 7 Testing equipment 7.1 Basic requirements 7.1.1 Ultrasonic testing equipment shall include testing instrument and probe at least. 7.1.2 Ultrasonic testing equipment shall be accompanied with product quality certificate or qualification certificate. 7.2 Testing instrument 7.2.1 Basic requirements for A-scan pulse-echo ultrasonic testing instrument a) A-scan pulse-echo ultrasonic testing instrument has an error of no more than 10% between the actually measured repetition frequency of transmitted pulse and the nominal value, of no more than 20% between the actually measured voltage of transmitted pulse and the nominal value, and of no more than 10% between the actually measured width of transmitted pulse and the nominal value. The rise time of transmitted pulse is no more than 25ns; b) the operating frequency of A-scan pulse-echo ultrasonic testing instrument, if measured as -3dB, shall at least include the range of 0.5MHz~10MHz and the difference between the actually measured upper/lower limit on each frequency band and the nominal value is no more than 20%; c) A-scan pulse-echo ultrasonic testing instrument shall have continuously adjustable attenuation or gain of above 80dB; its step level is no more than 2dB per gear and its accuracy is no more than 1.7dB for the accumulative error of any continuous 20dB and no more than 3dB for the accumulative error of any continuous 60dB; d) the performance indicators are tested according GB/T 27664.1.

Foreword i 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 Method summary 5 Safety requirements 6 Requirements for personnel 7 Testing equipment 8 Testing process specification 9 Preparation for testing 10 Ultrasonic testing and quality grading of raw materials and parts and components 11 Ultrasonic testing of welded joint for amusement equipment 12 Ultrasonic testing of in-use amusement equipment 13 Pulse reflected ultrasonic thickness measurement 14 Ultrasonic testing report Annex A (Normative) Performance requirements of double crystal normal probe Annex B (Normative) Transverse wave testing of steel plate for amusement equipment Annex C (Normative) Transverse wave testing of steel forging for amusement equipment Annex D (Informative) Method for adjusting bottom echo sensitivity of workpiece Annex E (Normative) Ultrasonic angle beam probe testing of steel forgings for amusement equipment Annex F (Normative) Axial transverse wave testing of seamless steel tube for amusement equipment Annex G (Normative) Ultrasonic testing method and quality grading for cast iron components Annex H (Normative) Ultrasonic testing of austenitic stainless steel butt welded joint Annex I (Normative) Determination of sound energy transmission loss difference Annex J (Informative) Echo dynamic pattern Annex K (Normative) Phased array ultrasonic testing method Annex L (Normative) Flaw height determination by -6dB drop method Annex M (Normative) Typical calibration block for measurement

游樂設施無損檢測 第5部分：超聲檢測 1 范圍 GB/T 34370的本部分規定了游樂設施的超聲檢測方法及質量分級和超聲測厚方法要求。 本部分適用于游樂設施用金屬原材料、零部件和焊接接頭的超聲檢測，也適用于在用游樂設施金屬材料零部件和焊接接頭的超聲檢測。 2規范性引用文件 下列文件對于本文件的應用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，僅注日期的版本適用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改單)適用于本文件。 GB/T 7233.1 鑄鋼件 超聲檢測 第1部分：一般用途鑄鋼件 GB/T 11344無損檢測 接觸式脈沖回波法測厚方法 GB/T 12604.1 無損檢測 術語 超聲檢測 GB/T 20306游樂設施術語 GB/T 20737無損檢測 通用術語和定義 GB/T 27664.1無損檢測 超聲檢測設備的性能與檢驗 第1部分：儀器 GB/T 27664.2 無損檢測 超聲檢測設備的性能與檢驗 第2部分：探頭 GB/T 29302 無損檢測儀器 相控陣超聲檢測系統的性能與檢驗 GB/T 34370.1游樂設施無損檢測 第1部分：總則 JB/T 8428 無損檢測 超聲試塊通用規范 JB/T 9214無損檢測 A型脈沖反射式超聲檢測系統工作性能測試方法 JB/T 10062 超聲探傷用探頭 性能測試方法 JB/T 11604無損檢測儀器 超聲波測厚儀 JB/T 11731無損檢測 超聲相控陣探頭通用技術條件 JB/T 11779無損檢測儀器 相控陣超聲檢測儀技術條件 3術語和定義 GB/T 12604.1、GB/T 20306、GB/T 20737和GB/T 34370.1界定的以及下列術語和定義適用于本文件。 3.1 由缺陷引起的底波降低量BG/BF(dB)loss of back reflection caused by flaws BG/BF(dB) 在靠近缺陷處的無缺陷完好區域內第一次底波幅度BG與缺陷區域內的第一次底波幅度BF之比，用聲壓級(dB)值來表示。 3.2 基準靈敏度和掃查靈敏度 basic and scanning sensitivities f 基準靈敏度一般指記錄靈敏度，它通常用于缺陷的定量和缺陷的分級。掃查靈敏度則主要指實際檢測靈敏度。為了不漏掉記錄缺陷或某些特定的缺陷，確保游樂設施的安全，實際檢測時通常采用較高的檢測靈敏度進行掃查。原則上掃查靈敏度不應低于基準靈敏度。 3.3 聚焦斜探頭focusing angle beam probe 采用透鏡式、發射式和曲面晶片等聚焦方法、使超聲波束會聚以提高檢測靈敏度的超聲斜探頭。 3.4 端點衍射tip diffraction 超聲波在傳播過程中，當波陣面通過缺陷時，波陣面會繞缺陷邊緣彎曲，并呈圓心展衍的現象。 3.5 端點最大反射波maximum tip reflected wave 當缺陷的端部回波的幅度達到最大時(也即缺陷端部回波峰值開始降落前瞬時的幅度位置)，該回波稱為缺陷端點最大反射波。 3.6 回波動態波型echo dynamic patterns 動態波型是探頭移動距離與相應缺陷反射體回波波幅變化的包絡線。 3.7 工件厚度 base material nominal thicknesses t a) 對于平板對接接頭，焊縫兩側母材厚度相等時，工件厚度t為母材厚度；焊縫兩側母材厚度不等時，工件厚度t為薄側母材公稱厚度； b)對于T型焊接接頭，工件厚度t為腹板公稱厚度。 3.8 管子直徑tube diameter D0 管子的外徑。 3.9 軸直徑 axis diameter 實心軸的軸直徑指軸外徑，有臺階時，指工作面的直徑。 空心軸的直徑包括內外徑，外徑D0，內徑D1。有臺階時，按照工作面的直徑確定內外徑。 3.10 缺陷密集區a cluster of flaws 在熒光屏掃描線相當于50 mm聲程范圍內同時有5個或5個以上的缺陷反射信號；或是在50 mm×50 mm的檢測面上發現在同一深度范圍內有5個或5個以上的缺陷反射信號。其反射波幅均大于某一特定當量缺陷基準反射波幅。 3.11 缺陷自身高度flaw height 缺陷在壁厚方向的尺寸。 3.12 缺陷評定區flaw evaluation zone 在質量分級評定時，為評價缺陷數量和密集程度而設置的一定尺寸區域?？梢允钦叫位蜷L方形。缺陷評定區應選在缺陷最嚴重的部位。 3.13 檢測距離 inspection distance 超聲波直探頭檢測時，檢測距離是指一次聲程。 4 方法概要 4.1 超聲波是頻率高于20 kHz的機械波，工業無損檢測中超聲檢測常用的頻率為0.5 MHz～5 MHz。 4.2超聲波在材料中以一定的速度和方向傳播，遇到聲阻抗不同的異質界面(如缺陷或被測物件的底面等)就會產生反射或衍射。 4.3反射式超聲檢測就是利用這種反射現象來進行缺陷檢測或厚度測量，圖1a)～c)分別是為A型脈沖斜入射超聲檢測、A型脈沖直入射超聲檢測、A型脈沖反射式超聲測厚示意圖.圖2為相控陣超聲檢測示意圖。 a)A型脈沖斜入射超聲檢測 T始波 接收電壓 F缺陷波 B底波 超聲波傳播時間 探頭 缺陷 底面 被檢工件 b) A型脈沖直入射超聲檢測 發射電路 放大器 計算電路 探頭 工件 厚度指示 c) A型脈沖反射式超聲測厚 圖1 A型脈沖反射式超聲檢測示意圖 a) 聚焦 b) 聲束控制 c)相控陣B掃圖 常規超聲檢測示意圖 相控陣檢測示意圖 d)檢測效果對比圖 圖2相控陣超聲檢測示意圖 5 安全要求 5.1本章沒有列出進行檢測時所有的安全要求，使用本部分的用戶應在檢測前建立安全準則。 5.2檢測過程中的安全要求至少包括： a) 檢測人員應遵守被檢件現場的安全要求，根據檢測地點的要求穿戴防護工作服和佩戴有關防護設備； b) 檢測時被檢件的壁溫應在耦合劑正常工作的溫度區間； c)應注意超聲檢測時，耦合劑會引起絕緣不良、電器短路； d)游樂設施運行后進行檢測，應注意被檢件的溫度狀態，以免燙傷。 6 人員要求 從事游樂設施超聲檢測工作的人員，應符合GB/T 34370.1的有關規定。 7 檢測設備 7.1 基本要求 7.1.1 超聲檢測設備應至少包括檢測儀器和探頭。 7.1.2 超聲檢測設備均應具有產品質量合格證或合格的證明文件。 7.2檢測儀器 7.2.1 A型脈沖反射式超聲檢測儀的基本要求： a) A型脈沖反射式超聲檢測儀，其發射脈沖重復頻率實測值與標稱值誤差不大于10％，發射脈沖電壓實測值與標稱值誤差不大于20％，發射脈沖寬度實測值與標稱值誤差不大于10％，發射脈沖上升時間不大于25 ns； b)A型脈沖反射式超聲檢測儀，其工作頻率按-3 dB測量至少應包括0.5 MHz～10 MHz的范圍，每個頻帶上、下限實測值與標稱值誤差不大于20％； c) A型脈沖反射式超聲檢測儀應具有80 dB以上的連續可調衰減或增益，最小步進級每檔不大于2 dB，其精度為任意連續20 dB的累積誤差不大于1.7 dB，任意連續60 dB的累積誤差不大于3 dB； d) 各項性能指標按GB/T 27664.1的要求進行測試。 7.2.2 超聲波測厚儀的基本要求： a) 超聲測厚儀用于壁厚小于10 mm的厚度測定時，最大允許示值誤差為±0.1 min；用于壁厚大于10 mm的厚度測定時，最大允許示值誤差為±(0.1+H/100)mm，其中H為標準厚度塊的標稱值； b)超聲測厚儀的示值穩定度不大于0.2 mm； c) 各項性能指標按JB/T 11604的要求進行測試。 7.2.3 相控陣超聲檢測儀的基本要求： a)相控陣超聲檢測儀，其發射脈沖重復頻率實測值與標稱值誤差不大于10％，發射脈沖電壓實測值與標稱值誤差不大于20％，發射脈沖寬度實測值與標稱值誤差不大于10％，發射脈沖上升時間應小于可能使用的最高探頭標稱頻率周期時間的0.25倍； b)相控陣超聲檢測儀，其工作頻率按-3 dB測量至少應包括1 MHz～10 MHz的范圍，每個頻帶上、下限實測值與標稱值誤差不大于20％； c) 各項性能指標按JB/T 11779的要求進行測試。 7.3 探頭 7.3.1 單換能器或雙換能器探頭，包含聚焦或非聚焦式的接觸式或液浸式探頭。圓形晶片直徑一般不應大于40 mm，方形晶片任一邊長一般不應大于40 mm，其性能指標按GB/T 27664.2的要求進行測試。 7.3.2超聲相控陣探頭的中心頻率一般在0.5 MHz～15 MHz范圍內，陣元數應不少于8個，其性能指標按JB/T 11731的要求進行測試。 7.4超聲檢測儀器和探頭的系統性能 7.4.1 A型脈沖反射式超聲檢測儀和探頭的系統性能要求： a) 水平線性不大于1％，垂直線性不大于5％； b)儀器和探頭的組合頻率與公稱頻率誤差不應大于±10％； c) 在基準靈敏度下，對于標稱頻率為5 MHz的直探頭，盲區不大于10 mm；對于標稱頻率為2.5 MHz的直探頭，盲區不大于15 mm； d) 儀器直探頭組合的靈敏度余量應不小于32 dB，儀器斜探頭組合的靈敏度余量應不小于42 dB； e) 儀器直探頭組合的遠場分辨力應不小于20 dB，儀器斜探頭組合的遠場分辨力應不小于12 dB； f) 在達到所探工件的最大檢測聲程時，其有效靈敏度余量應不小于10 dB； g) 各項性能指標按JB/T 10062和JB/T 9214的要求進行測試。 7.4.2超聲測厚儀和探頭的系統性能要求： a) 儀器和探頭的組合頻率與公稱頻率誤差不應大于±10％； b)各項性能指標按JB/T 10062的要求進行測試。 7.4.3 相控陣超聲檢測儀和探頭的系統性能要求： a)相控陣超聲檢測系統性能包括：測定聲束輪廓、聲束偏轉范圍、陣元有效性、軟件計算功能、接收器增益線性； b)各項性能指標按GB/T 29302的要求進行測試。 7.4.4 發生以下情況時應測定檢測儀器和探頭的組合性能： a) 新購置的超聲檢測儀器和(或)探頭； b)檢測儀器和探頭在維修或更換主要部件后； c)檢測人員有懷疑時。 7.5試塊 7.5.1 A型脈沖反射式超聲檢測試塊 7.5.1.1 標準試塊 7.5.1.1.1 標準試塊指具有規定的化學成分、表面粗糙度、熱處理及幾何形狀的材料塊，用于評定和校準超聲檢測設備，即用于儀器、探頭、系統性能校準的試塊。 7.5.1.1.2標準試塊的制造應滿足JB/T 8428的要求，制造商應提供產品質量合格證。 7.5.1.2對比試塊 7.5.1.2.1對比試塊是指與被檢件或材料化學成分相似，含有意義明確參考反射體的試塊，用以調節超聲檢測設備的幅度和聲程，以將所檢出的缺陷信號與已知反射體所產生的信號相比較，即用于缺陷評定的試塊。 7.5.1.2.2對比試塊的尺寸精度在本部分有明確要求時應提供相應的證明文件，無明確要求時參照JB/T 8428的規定。 7.5.1.3模擬試塊 7.5.1.3.1 模擬試塊是指用于驗證檢測工藝和無損檢測人員的檢測能力、評價和驗證儀器探頭系統的檢測能力的試塊。 7.5.1.3.2模擬試塊一般含模擬缺陷或真實缺陷的試塊，可以是模擬工件中實際缺陷而制作的樣件，或者是在以往檢測中所發現含自然缺陷的樣件。 7.5.2超聲測厚試塊 7.5.2.1 接觸式超聲脈沖回波測厚方法采用階梯試塊進行測厚校準。 7.5.2.2校準試塊應符合GB/T 11344的規定。 7.5.3相控陣超聲檢測試塊 相控陣超聲檢測試塊分為標準試塊、對比試塊和模擬試塊。 7.6超聲檢測設備和器材的校準、核查、期間核查和檢查的要求 7.6.1 一般要求 7.6.1.1 校準、核查和期間核查應在標準試塊上進行。 7.6.1.2校準、核查和期間核查時應使探頭主聲束垂直對準反射體的反射面，以獲得穩定的和最大的反射信號。 7.6.2校準、核查、期間核查或檢查 7.6.2.1 每年至少對超聲檢測儀器進行一次校準，校準要求應滿足超聲波檢測儀校準規程的規定。 7.6.2.2 每年至少對試塊的表面腐蝕和機械損傷進行一次核查。 7.6.2.3 每6個月至少對超聲檢測儀器和探頭的系統性能進行一次期間核查并記錄.測試要求應滿足7.4的規定。 7.6.2.4 每次檢測前應檢查儀器設備器材外觀、線纜連接和開機信號顯示等情況是否正常。 7.6.2.5校準、期間核查和檢查時，任何影響儀器線性的控制器(如抑制或濾波開關等)都應放在“關”的位置或處于最低水平上。