標準編號:	GB/T 16157-1996
中文名稱:	固定污染源排氣中顆粒物測定與氣態污染物采樣方法
英文名稱:	The determination of particulates and sampling methods of gaseous pollutants emitted from exhaust gas of stationary source
中標分類:	Z11    氣體介質與放射性物質采樣
行業分類:	GB    國家標準
ICS分類:	13.030 13.030    廢物 13.030
發布機構:	國家環境保護局
發布日期:	1996-01-12
實施日期:	1996-3-6
標準狀態:	superseded
被新標準替代:	GB/T 16157-1996/XG1-2017 固定污染源排氣中顆粒物測定與氣態污染物采樣方法， 含行業標準第1號修改單
被替代日期:	2018-3-1
替代舊標準:	GB 9078-1988
翻譯語言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符數:	34000 字
翻譯價格(元):	300.0
交付時間:	付款后 1 個工作日

This standard is established in order to implement the national and local air pollutants emission standards and adjust the supervision of organized emission of stationary pollution source, especially collection method of sample. The determination contents of particulates specified in this standard include sampling, determination and calculation. The supervision on stationary pollution source is generally implemented according to this standard, unless otherwise stated in relevant emission standard or analytical method standard, such as heat engine plant shall be according to emission standard; chromic (sulfur) acid mist, plumbum (or other metal) and its compounds shall be according to analytical method standard. Other provisions shall be complied with too. The emission monitoring of gaseous pollutants is complex. The sampling contents specified in this standard shall be regarded as general requirements. The sampling shall also comply with the specific provisions in emission standard and analytical method for gaseous pollutants standard. This standard dose not relate to the requirements for operation condition and frequency of monitoring on the final acceptance of stationary pollution source and routine supervisory monitoring; the monitoring shall also be in accordance with relevant emission standard, monitoring regulations and provisions of the monitoring on the final acceptance of construction project by National Environmental Protection Agency. Due to the requirements for monitoring conditions of boiler emission are specified not in the emission standard but in measuring method for smoke and dust, GB 5468-91 "Measuring Method for Smoke and Dust of Boiler Emission" is reserved even though this standard has been approved and issued. It must not be considered that this standard conflicts to it. The monitoring is carried out according to provisions, and this standard is cited for any unknown place. Added to this, GB 9078-88 "Determination of the Smoke and Dust of Industrial Kiln and Furnace" has been included in this standard. GB 9078-88 "Determination of the Smoke and Dust of Industrial Kiln and Furnace" is abolished on the implementation date of this standard. China Environmental Monitoring Central Station is responsible for the explanation of this standard. This standard was proposed by the State Environment Protection Administration-Department of Science, Technology and Standards. China Academy of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Environmental Health and sanitary Engineering is responsible for the draft of this standard. Chief drafting staffs of this standard: Liu Guangshuan, Chang Dehua, Zhou Yangsheng, Zhou Guangfa and Liu Jiang. 1 Subject Content and Application Scope 1.1 This standard specifies the determination of particulates and sampling methods of gaseous pollutants emitted from exhaust gas of flue, chimney and exhaust funnel (hereinafter referred to as flue) and other stationary sources. 1.2 This standard is applicable to the determination of particulates and sampling of gaseous pollutants emitted from exhaust gas of boiler, industrial kiln, furnace and other stationary source. 2 Definitions 2.1 Particulates Particulates refer to solid and liquid granular substance suspending in the emission gas generated by fuel and other substance during the process of burning, composition, decomposition as well as various materials in the mechanical processing. 2.2 Gaseous pollutants Gaseous pollutants refer to various pollutants dispersed over the emission gas in gaseous state. 2.3 Dry exhaust gas at standard condition Dry exhaust gas at standard condition refers to the moisture free exhaust gas when the temperature is 273 K and pressure is 101300 Pa. 3 Determination and Calculation Contents 3.1 Determination of exhaust parameters (temperature, pressure, moisture content and element). 3.2 Calculation of exhaust density and gas molecule. 3.3 Determination of exhaust flow rate and flow. 3.4 Determination of particulates in exhaust gas and calculation of emission concentration and emission rate. 3.5 Sampling of gaseous pollutants in exhaust gas and calculation of emission concentration and emission rate. 4 Basic Requirements of Sampling 4.1 Sampling condition The sampling shall be carried out when the production equipments are at normal operation or at the specified operation condition according to the requirements of standards for the pollutants emission. 4.2 Sampling location and sampling point 4.2.1 Sampling location 4.2.1.1 Sampling location shall be prior selected at the vertical pipe section and turn aside flue elbow and cross-section position with rapid change. Sampling position shall be set no less than 6 times the diameter away from the downstream direction of the elbow, valve and reducer pipe and no less than 3 times the diameter away from the upstream direction of above parts. For rectangular flue, the equivalent diameter D = 2AB / (A + B), where A and B are side lengths. 4.2.1.2 For gaseous pollutants, the sampling location may not be restricted with above provisions due to the even mix, but it shall turn aside the vortex cavity. If simultaneously determinate the exhaust flow, the sampling location is selected according to 4.2.1.1. 4.2.1.3 Sampling location shall turn aside the locations that may danger the testing personnel. 4.2.2 Sampling hole 4.2.2.1 Open sampling hole on the selected determination position; the inner diameter of sampling hole shall not be less than 80mm; pipe range of sampling hole shall not be larger than 50mm. When it is out of service, it shall be blocked with cover plate, casing cap or pipe cap (Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3). If the sampling hole is only used to sample gaseous pollutants, the inner diameter shall not be less than 40mm. Figure 1 Sampling Hole with Cover Plate Figure 2 Sampling Hole with Casing Cap Figure 3 Sampling Hole with Pipe cap (unit: mm) (unit: mm) (unit: mm) 4.2.2.2 The flue transport high temperature or toxic gas at positive pressure shall be adopted with sealed sampling hole with paddle valve (Figure 4). Figure 4 Sealed Sampling Hole with Paddle Valve 4.2.2.3 For circular flue, the sampling hole shall be set on the orthogonal diameter lines containing the measuring points (Figure 5). For rectangular or square flue, the sampling hole shall be set on the extension line containing all the measuring points (Figure 6 and Figure 7). Figure 6 Measuring Points of Rectangular Section Figure 7 Measuring Points of Square Section 4.2.3 Sampling platform Sampling platform is set for sampling by testing personnel. It shall be with adequate working area to enable the worker to operate safely and conveniently. The area of platform shall not be less than 1.5m2 and set with 1.1m guard fence. The sampling hole is about 1.2~1.3m away from the platform surface. 4.2.4 Position and number of sampling points 4.2.4.1 Circular flue a) Divide the flue into right quantity of concentric rings with equal-area; every measuring point shall be selected with the intersection point of the center line of each ring and the two vertical crossed diameter lines; one of the diameter lines shall be on the plane which is expected to have the maximum concentration change; If the measuring point is behind the elbow, the diameter line shall be on the A-A plane with elbow (Figure 8).

Foreword I 1 Subject Content and Application Scope 2 Definitions 3 Determination and Calculation Contents 4 Basic Requirements of Sampling 5 Determination of Exhaust Parameters 6 Calculations of Exhaust Density and Gas Molecular Weight 7 Determination of Exhaust Flow Rate and Flow 8 Determination of Particulates in Exhaust Gas 9 Sampling Method for Gaseous Pollutants 10 Calculation of Sampling Volume 11 Concentration and Emission Rate Calculation of Particulates or Gaseous Pollutants 12 Instrumental Correction

氣態污染物采樣方法 Determination of particulates and sampling methods of gaseous pollutants emitted from exhaust gas of stationary source _______________________________________________________________________________ 1 主題內容和適用范圍 1.1 本標準規定了在煙道、煙囪及排氣筒（以下簡稱煙道）等同定污染源排氣中顆料物的測定方法和氣態污染物的采樣方法。 1.2 本標準適用于各種鍋爐、工業爐窯、及其他固定污染源排氣中顆粒物的測定和氣態污染物的采樣。 2 定義 2.1 顆粒物 顆粒物是指燃料和其他物質在燃燒、合成、分解以及各種物料在機械處理中所產生的懸浮于排放氣體中的固體和液體顆粒狀物質。 2.2 氣態污染物 氣態污染物是指以氣體狀態分散在排放氣體中的各種污染物。 2.3 標準狀態下的干排氣 標準狀態下的干排氣是指在溫度為273K，壓力為101 300Pa條件下不含水分的排氣。 3 測定與計算內容 3.1 排氣參數（溫度、壓力、水分含量、成分）的測定。 3.2 排氣密度和氣體分子的計算。 3.3 排氣流速和流量的測定。 3.4 排氣中顆粒物的測定和排放濃度、排放率的計算。 3.5 排氣中氣態污染物的采樣和排放濃度、排放率的計算。 4 采樣的基本要求 4.1 采樣工況 應在生產設備處于正常運行狀態下進行，或根據有關污染物排放標準的要求，在所規定的工況條件下測定。 4.2 采樣位置和采樣點 4.2.1 釆樣位置 4.2.1.1 采樣位置應優先選擇在垂直管段。應避開煙道彎頭和斷面急劇變化的部位。釆樣位置應設置在距彎頭、閥門、變徑管下游方向不小于6倍直徑和距上述部件上游方向不小于3倍直徑處。對矩形煙道，其當量直徑D=2AB/（A+B），式中A、B為邊長。 4.2.1.2 對于氣態污染物，由于混合比較均勻，其采樣位置可不受上述規定限制，但應避開渦流區。如果同時測定排氣流量，采樣位置仍按4.2.1.1選取。 4.2.1.3 采樣位置應避開對測試人員操作有危險的場所。 4.2.2 采樣孔 4.2.2.1 在選定的測定位置上開設采樣孔，采樣孔內徑應不小于80mm，采樣孔管長應不大于50mm。不使用時應用蓋板、管堵或管帽封閉（圖1、圖2、圖3）。當采樣孔僅用于采集氣態污染物時，其內徑應不小于40mm。 圖1 帶有蓋板的采樣孔 圖2 帶有管堵的采樣孔 圖3 帶有管帽的采樣孔 （單位：mm） （單位：mm） （單位：mm） 4.2.2.2 對正壓下輸送高溫或有毒氣體的煙道應采用帶有閘板閥的密封采樣孔（圖4）。 圖4 帶有閘板閥的密封采樣孔 4.2.2.3 對圓形煙道，采樣孔應設在包括各測定點在內的互相垂直的直徑線上（圖5）。對矩形或方形煙道，采樣孔應設在包括各測定點在內的延長線上（圖6、圖7）。 圖6 長方形斷面的測定點 圖7 正方形斷面的測定點 4.2.3 采樣平臺 采樣平臺為檢測人員采樣設置，應有足夠的工作面積使工作人員安全、方便地操作平臺面積應不小于1.5m、并設有1.1m高的護欄，采樣孔距平臺面約為1.2～1.3m。 4.2.4 采樣點位置和數目 4.2.4.1 圓形煙道 a）將煙道分成適當數量的等面積同心環，各測點選在各環等面積中心線與呈垂直相交的兩條直徑線的交點上，其中一條直徑線應在預期濃度變化最大的平面內，如當測點在彎頭后，該直徑線應位于彎頭所在的平面A-A內（圖8）。 圖8 圓形煙道彎頭后的測點 b）對符合4.2.1.1要求的煙道。可只選預期濃度變化最大的一條直徑線上的測點。 c）對直徑小于0.3m、流速分布比較均勻、對稱并符合4.2.1.1要求的小煙道，可取煙道中心作為 d）不同直徑的圓形煙道的等面積環數、測量直徑數及測點數見表1，原則上測點不超過20個。 表1 圓形煙道分環及測點數的確定 煙道直徑，m 等面積環數 測量直徑數 測點數 ＜0.3 0.3～0.6 0.6～1.0 1.0～2.0 2.0～4.0 ＞4.0 1～2 2～3 3～4 4～5 5 1～2 1～2 1～2 1～2 1～2 1 2～8 4～12 6～16 8～20 10～20 c）測點距煙道內壁的距離見圖9，按表2確定。當測點距煙道內壁的距離小于25mm時，取25mm。 圖9 采樣點距煙道內壁距離表 表2 測點距煙道內壁距離（以煙道直徑D計） 測點號 環 數 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.146 0. 854 0.067 0.250 0.750 0.933 0.044 0.146 0.296 0.704 0.854 0.956 0.033 0.105 0.194 0.323 0.677 0.806 0.895 0.967 0.026 0.082 0.146 0.226 0.342 0.658 0.774 0.854 0.918 0.974 4.2.4.2 矩形或方形煙道 a）將煙道斷面分成適當數量的等面積小塊，各塊中心即為測點。小塊的數量按表3的規定選取。原則上測點不超過20個。 表3 矩（方）形煙道的分塊和測點數 煙道斷面積（m2） 等面積小塊長邊長度（m） 測點總數 ＜0.1 ＜0.32 1 0.1～0.5 ＜0.35 1～4 0.5～1.0 ＜0.50 4～6 1.0～4.0 ＜0.67 6～9 4.0～9.0 ＜0.75 9～16 ＞9.0 ＜1.0 ≤20 b）煙道斷面面積小于0.1m2，流速分布比較均勻、對稱并符合4.2.1.1要求的，可取斷面中心作為測點。 4.2.4.3 當煙道布置不能滿足4.2.1.1要求時，應增加采樣線和測點。 5 排氣參數的測定 5.1 排氣溫度的測定 5.1.1 測量位置和測點 按4.2.1和4.2.4確定，一般情況下可在靠近煙道中心的一點測定。 5.1.2 儀器 a）熱電偶或電阻溫度計：其示值誤差應不大于±3℃。 b）水銀玻璃溫度計：精確度應不低于2.5%，最小分度值應不大于2℃。 5.1.3 測定步驟 a）將溫度測量元件插入煙道中測點處，封閉測孔，待溫度穩定后讀數。 b）使用玻璃溫度計時，不能抽出煙道外讀數。 5.2 排氣中水分含量的測定 排氣中水分含量應根據不同的測量對象選用冷凝法、干濕球法或重量法中的一種方法測定。 5.2.1 采樣位置及測點 按4.2.1和4.2.4確定，在靠近煙道中心的一個測點上采樣。 5.2.2 冷凝法 5.2.2.1 原理 由煙道中抽取一定體積的排氣使之通過冷凝器，根據冷凝出來的水量，加上從冷凝器排出的飽和氣體含有的水蒸汽量，計算排氣中的水分含量。 5.2.2.2 測定裝置及儀器 測量排氣中水分含量的采樣系統如圖10所示，它由煙塵采樣管、冷凝器、干燥器、溫度計、真空壓力表、轉子流量計和抽氣泵等部件組成。 a）煙塵采樣管：用不銹鋼制成，內裝濾筒，用以除去排氣中的顆粒物，詳見8.3.3.1。 b）冷凝器：由不銹鋼制作。用于分離、貯存在采樣管、連接管和冷凝器中冷凝下來的水。冷凝器總體積應不小于5L，冷凝管（φ10mm×1mm）有效長度應不小于1500mm，貯存冷凝水容器的有效容積應不小于100mL，排放冷凝水的開關應嚴密不漏氣。 c）溫度計：精確度應不低于2.5%，最小分度值應不大于2℃。 d）干燥器：用有機玻璃制作，內裝硅膠，其容積應不小于0.8L，用于干燥進入流量計的濕煙氣。 e）真空壓力表：精確度應不低于4%，用于測定流量計前氣體壓力。 f）轉子流量計：精確度應不低于2.5%。 g）抽氣泵：當流量為40L/min時，其抽氣能力應能克服煙道及采樣系統阻力。當流量計量裝置放在抽氣泵出口端時，抽氣泵應不漏氣。 h）量筒：10mL。 1—濾筒；2—采樣管；3—冷凝器；4—溫度計；5—干燥器； 6—真空壓力表；7—轉子流量計；8—累積流量計；9—調節閥；10—抽氣泵 圖10 冷凝法測定排氣水分含量裝置 5.2.2.3 測定歩驟 a）將冷凝器裝滿冰水，或在冷凝器進，出水管上接冷卻水。 b）將儀器按圖10所示連接。 c）檢查系統是否漏氣，如發現漏氣、應分段檢查、堵漏，直到滿足檢漏要求。 流量計量裝置放在抽氣泵前的，其檢漏方法有兩種。 方法一：在系統的抽氣泵前串一滿量程為1L/min的小量程轉子流量計。檢漏時，將裝好濾筒的采樣管進口（不包括采樣嘴）堵嚴，打開抽氣泵，調節泵進口處的調節閥，使系統中的壓力表負壓指示為6.7kPa，此時，小量程流量計的流量如不大于0.6L/min，則視為不漏氣。 方法二：檢漏時，堵嚴采樣管濾筒夾處進口，打開抽氣泵，調節泵進口的調節閥，使系統中的真空壓力表負壓指示為6.7kPa，關閉連接柚氣泵的橡皮管，在0.5min內如真空壓力表的指示值下降不超過0.2kPa，則視為不漏氣。 在儀器攜往現場前，已按上述方法進行過檢漏的，現場檢漏僅對采樣管后的連接橡皮管到抽氣泵段進行檢漏。 流量計量裝置放在抽氣泵后的檢漏方法：在流量計量裝置出口接一三通管，其一端接U型壓力計，另一端接橡皮管。檢漏時，切斷抽氣泵的進口通路，由三通的橡皮管端壓入空氣，使U型壓力計水柱壓差上升到2kPa，堵住橡皮管進口，如U型壓力計的液面差在1mn內不變，則視為不漏氣。抽氣泵前管段仍按前面的方法檢漏。 d）打開采樣孔，淸除孔中的積灰。將裝有濾筒的采樣管插入煙道近中心位置，封閉采樣孔。 e）開動抽氣泵，以25L/min左右的流量抽氣，同時記錄采樣開始時間。 f）抽取的排氣量應使冷凝器中的冷凝水量在10mL以上。采樣時每隔數分鐘記錄冷凝器出口的氣體溫度tv，轉子流量計讀數Q′r，流量計前的氣體溫度tr，壓力Pr以及采樣時間t。如系統裝有累積流量計，應記錄開始采樣及終止釆樣時的累積流量。 g）采樣結束，將采樣管出口向下傾斜，取出采樣管，將凝結在采樣管和連接管內的水傾入冷凝器中。用量筒測量冷凝水量。