標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編號:	GB/T 19072-2022
中文名稱:	風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組 塔架
英文名稱:	Wind turbines—Tower
中標(biāo)分類:	F11    風(fēng)能
行業(yè)分類:	GB    國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
ICS分類:	27.180 27.180    風(fēng)力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)和其 27.180
發(fā)布機(jī)構(gòu):	國家市場監(jiān)督管理總局 國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理委員會
發(fā)布日期:	2022-10-12
實施日期:	2022-10-12
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀態(tài):	valid
替代舊標(biāo)準(zhǔn):	GB/T 19072-2010 風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組 塔架
翻譯語言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符數(shù):	66000 字
翻譯價格(元):	4620.0
交付時間:	付款后 1 個工作日

Wind turbines - Tower 1 Scope This document specifies the design principles, design requirements, process requirements, test methods, inspection rules, completion data, accompanying documents, marking, packaging, storage and transportation requirements on towers of wind turbines. This document is applicable to the design, manufacture, construction and acceptance of towers of horizontal axis wind turbines. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute indispensable provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition (including any amendments) applies. GB 175 Common portland cement GB/T 470 Zinc ingots GB/T 700 Carbon structural steels GB/T 709 Dimension, shape, weight and tolerance for hot-rolled steel strip, plate and sheet GB/T 985.1 Recommended joint preparation for gas welding, manual metal arc welding, gas-shield arc welding and beam welding GB/T 985.2 Recommended joint preparation for submerged arc welding GB/T 1228 High strength bolts with large hexagon head for steel structures GB/T 1231 Specifications of high strength bolts with large hexagon head, large hexagon nuts, plain washers for steel structures GB/T 1591 High strength low alloy structural steels GB/T 3098.1 Mechanical properties of fasteners - Bolts, screws and studs GB/T 3098.2 Mechanical properties of fasteners - Nuts GB/T 3274 Hot-rolled plates, sheets and strips of carbon structural steels and high strength low alloy structural steels GB/T 5117 Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels GB/T 5118 Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of creep-resisting steels GB/T 5210 Paints and varnishes - Pull-off test for adhesion GB/T 5224 Steel strand for prestressed concrete GB/T 5293 Solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes and electrode/flux combinations for submerged arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels GB/T 5313-2010 Steel plates with through-thickness characteristics GB/T 5782 Hexagon head bolts GB 8076 Concrete admixtures GB/T 8110 Wire electrodes and weld deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non alloy and fine grain steels GB/T 9286 Paints and varnishes - Cross-cut test GB/T 9445 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of personnel GB/T 9754 Paints and varnishes - Determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20°, 60°and 85° GB/T 10045 Tubular cored electrodes for non-alloy and fine grain steels GB/T 10171 Building construction machinery and equipment - Concrete mixing plant (tower) GB/T 12467 (All parts) Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials GB/T 13306 Plates GB/T 14370 Anchorage, grip and coupler for prestressing tendons GB/T 14902 Ready-mixed concrete GB/T 14977-2008 General requirement for surface condition of hot-rolled steel plates GB/T 17888 (All parts) Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery GB/T 18253-2018 Steel and steel products - Types of inspection documents GB/T 18451.1 Wind turbine generator systems - Design requirements GB/T 18591 Welding - Guidance on the measurement of preheating temperature, interpass temperature and preheat maintenance temperature GB/T 19804 Welding - General tolerances for welded constructions - Dimensions for lengths and angles - Shape and position GB/T 26408 Concrete truck mixer GB/T 31817 Specification of coating for corrosion protection of windpower equipment GB/T 32076 (All parts) High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading GB 50009 Load code for the design of building structures GB 50010 Code for design of concrete structures GB 50011 Code for seismic design of buildings GB/T 50046 Code for anticorrosion design of industrial constructions GB 50119 Code for utility technical of concrete admixture GB 50135 Code for design of high-rising structures GB 50164 Standard for quality control of concrete GB 50204 Code for acceptance of constructional quality of concrete structures GB 50212 Code for construction of building anticorrosive engineering GB/T 50448 Code for application technique of cementitious grout GB 50666 Code for construction of concrete structures JB/T 10045-2017 Thermal cutting - Geometrical product specification and quality tolerances JB/T 11218 Wind power tower - Annular flange JG/T 161 Unbonded prestressing steel strand JG/T 430 Anticorrosion lubricating grease for unbonded tendons JGJ/T 10 Technical specification for construction of concrete pumping JGJ 18 Specification for welding and acceptance of reinforcing steel bars JGJ 55 Specification for mix proportion design of ordinary concrete JGJ 63 Standard of water for concrete JGJ 85 Technical specification for application of anchorage, grip and coupler for prestressing tendons JGJ/T 140 Standard for seismic design of prestressed concrete structures JGJ/T 281 Technical specification for application of high strength concrete JGJ 369 Code for design of prestressed concrete structures NB/T 31082 High-strength bolting assemblies for tower on wind turbine NB/T 47013.2 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 2: Radiographic testing NB/T 47013.3-2015 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 3: Ultrasonic testing NB/T 47013.4 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 4: Magnetic particle testing NB/T 47013.5 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments - Part 5: Penetrant testing NB/T 47013.10 Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 10: Ultrasonic time of flight diffraction technique NB/T 47014 Welding procedure qualification for pressure equipment NB/T 47015 Welding specification for pressure vessels NB/T 47016 Mechanical property tests of product welded test coupons for pressure equipment ISO 2808 Paints and varnishes - Determination of film thickness ISO 2813 Paints and varnishes - Determination of gloss value at 20°, 60° and 85° ISO 3834 Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials ISO 4628 (All parts) Paints and varnishes - Evaluation of degradation of coatings - Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance ISO 9712 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel ISO 12944 Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems ISO 13588 Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Use of automated phased array technology ISO 14555 Welding - Arc stud welding of metallic materials ISO 15614-1 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure test - Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys ISO/TR 17671-2 Welding - Recommendations for welding of metallic materials - Part 2: Arc welding of ferritic steels ISO 19840 Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Measurement of, and acceptance criteria for, the thickness of dry films on rough surfaces EN 1991-1-4:2005 Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions EN 1993-1-6 Design of steel structures - Part 1-6: Strength and stability of shell structures EN 1993-1-9 Design of steel structures - Part 1-9: Fatigue IIW-2259-15 Recommendations for fatigue design of welded joints and components 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 tower part of the supporting structure of wind turbine, which connects the substructure with the main engine 3.2 tower section steel tower section bounded by flange contact surfaces at both ends 3.3 longitudinal weld continuous weld formed by welding at the butt joint of rolled steel plate 3.4 tube cone-shaped or straight-shaped single component formed from steel plates with a specific shape by rolling and longitudinal welding 3.5 circumferential weld continuous weld formed by welding the butt joints of paired tubes and of tube and flange neck 3.6 concrete tower structure for supporting wind turbine, with prestressing tendon concrete tower as the main stress system 3.7 concrete element concrete tower elements for wind turbine tower that are prefabricated and cast-in-place in the factory or on the spot according to the standard specifications and design drawings 3.8 concrete tube section of tubular element which is manufactured in advance in the factory or on the spot or formed by assembling concrete elements on the assembling platform 3.9 splice joint horizontal joint between upper and lower tubes and vertical joint between left and right adjacent elements of prefabricated concrete tower 3.10 horizontal joint splice joint between upper and lower tubes of prefabricated concrete tower 3.11 vertical joint splice joint between left and right adjacent elements of prefabricated concrete tower 3.12 grouting material binding material used for connecting elements on both sides of the splice joint 3.13 seating material binding material applied on the horizontal joint to connect the upper and lower tubes 3.14 insert part element pre-embedded in reinforced concrete 3.15 prestressing tendon general term of steel bar, steel wire and steel strand used in concrete structural elements for application of prestress 4 Symbols and abbreviations 4.1 Symbols For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply. Asp——the stress area of thread, mm2 b——the thickness of welding neck (generally referring to the thickness of welded tube wall), mm btot——the flange width, mm c——the height of the reserved groove of weld, mm cs——the width of the door frame stiffener, mm E——the elasticity modulus of tower materials, MPa fR——the maximum rotational frequency of the wind wheel within the normal operating range, Hz f0,1——the first-order natural frequency of the tower (in complete machine state), Hz fR, m——the passage frequency of m wind wheel blades, Hz fo, n——the nth-order natural frequency of the tower (in complete machine state), Hz Fp, C——the designed pretightening force of bolt, N l——the distance between the reserved groove of the weld and the transitional radius, mm r——the transitional radius, mm t——the wall thickness of the tower drum, mm tf——the flange thickness, mm ts——the thickness of the door frame stiffener, mm ttot——the flange thickness, including welding neck, mm Z——the axial force of tower drum wall, N εtot——the total strain, με σhs——the structural stress in linear elastic analysis of materials, N/m2 σy, d——the design yield strength of materials, MPa σy, b——the design yield strength of bolt materials, Mpa fc——the design compressive strength of concrete, MPa ft——the design tensile strength of concrete, MPa fck——the standard compressive strength of concrete, MPa ftk——the standard tensile strength of concrete, MPa fy——the design compressive and tensile strength of plain bars, MPa fpy——the design tensile strength of prestressing tendon, N/m2 fptk——the standard tensile strength of prestressing tendon, MPa Rd——the design bearing capacity of elements, N C——the limit of deformation, stress, crack width and natural frequency of concrete tower to meet the normal service requirements, N 4.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply. GMNA Geometrically and Materially Nonlinear Analysis GMNIA Geometrically and Materially Nonlinear Analysis with Imperfections Included MNA Materially Nonlinear Analysis MT Magnetic Particle Testing PAUT Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing PT Penetrant Testing PWI Production Work Instruction RT Radiographic Testing SN Curve Stress-Life Curve TOFD Time of Flight Diffraction UT Ultrasonic Testing VT Visual Testing WPQR Welding Procedure Qualification Report WPS Welding Procedure Specification 5 Design principles 5.1 The design service life of the tower shall not be less than that of the wind turbine. 5.2 The tower shall meet the following functional requirements within the specified design service life: ——it shall be able to bear various possible loads and actions during normal construction and use; ——it shall have good working performance during normal use; ——it shall have sufficient durability under normal maintenance; ——its structure shall be able to maintain the overall stability when an accident occurs. 5.3 The tower load shall be calculated and analyzed according to the relevant requirements of GB/T 18451.1.

Foreword i 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions 4 Symbols and abbreviations 5 Design principles 6 Steel tower 7 Concrete tower Annex A (Informative) Damping ratio of tower structure Annex B (Informative) Simplified buckling analysis method of tower door frame opening Annex C (Informative) Fatigue strength analysis of steel tower Bibliography

風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組 塔架 1 范圍 本文件規(guī)定了風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組塔架的設(shè)計原則、設(shè)計要求、工藝要求、試驗方法、檢驗規(guī)則、竣工資料及隨機(jī)文件、標(biāo)志、包裝、儲存及運輸?shù)纫蟆? 本文件適用于水平軸風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組塔架的設(shè)計、制造、施工和驗收。 2 規(guī)范性引用文件 下列文件中的內(nèi)容通過文中的規(guī)范性引用而構(gòu)成本文件必不可少的條款。其中，注日期的引用文件，僅該日期對應(yīng)的版本適用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改單)適用于本文件。 GB 175 通用硅酸鹽水泥 GB/T 470 鋅錠 GB/T 700 碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼 GB/T 709 熱軋鋼板和鋼帶的尺寸、外形、重量及允許偏差 GB/T 985.1 氣焊、焊條電弧焊、氣體保護(hù)焊和高能束焊的推薦坡口 GB/T 985.2 埋弧焊的推薦坡口 GB/T 1228 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)用高強(qiáng)度大六角頭螺栓 GB/T 1231 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)用高強(qiáng)度大六角頭螺栓、大六角螺母、墊圈技術(shù)條件 GB/T 1591 低合金高強(qiáng)度結(jié)構(gòu)鋼 GB/T 3098.1 緊固件機(jī)械性能 螺栓、螺釘和螺柱 GB/T 3098.2 緊固件機(jī)械性能 螺母 GB/T 3274 碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼和低合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼熱軋鋼板和鋼帶 GB/T 5117 非合金鋼及細(xì)晶粒鋼焊條 GB/T 5118 熱強(qiáng)鋼焊條 GB/T 5210 色漆和清漆 拉開法附著力試驗 GB/T 5224 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土用鋼絞線 GB/T 5293 埋弧焊用非合金鋼及細(xì)晶粒鋼實心焊絲、藥芯焊絲和焊絲-焊劑組合分類要求 GB/T 5313 2010 厚度方向性能鋼板 GB/T 5782 六角頭螺栓 GB 8076 混凝土外加劑 GB/T 8110 熔化極氣體保護(hù)電弧焊用非合金鋼及細(xì)品粒鋼實心焊絲 GB/T 9286 色漆和清漆 劃格試驗 GB/T 9445 無損檢測 人員資格鑒定與認(rèn)證 GB/T 9754 色漆和清漆 不含金屬顏料的色漆漆膜的20°、60°和85°鏡面光澤的測定 GB/T 10045 非合金鋼及細(xì)晶粒鋼藥芯焊絲 GB/T 10171 建筑施工機(jī)械與設(shè)備 混凝土攪拌站(樓) GB/T 12467(所有部分) 金屬材料熔焊質(zhì)量要求 GB/T 13306 標(biāo)牌 GB/T 14370 預(yù)應(yīng)力筋用錨具、夾具和連接器 GB/T 14902 預(yù)拌混凝土 GB/T 14977—2008 熱軋鋼板表面質(zhì)量的一般要求 GB/T 17888(所有部分) 機(jī)械安全 接近機(jī)械的固定設(shè)施 GB/T 18253—2018 鋼及鋼產(chǎn)品 檢驗文件的類型 GB/T 18451.1 風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組 設(shè)計要求 GB/T 18591 焊接 預(yù)熱溫度、道間溫度及預(yù)熱維持溫度的測量指南 GB/T 19804 焊接結(jié)構(gòu)的一般尺寸公差和形位公差 GB/T 26408 混凝土攪拌運輸車 GB/T 31817 風(fēng)力發(fā)電設(shè)施防護(hù)涂裝技術(shù)規(guī)范 GB/T 32076(所有部分) 預(yù)載荷高強(qiáng)度栓接結(jié)構(gòu)連接副 GB 50009 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)荷載規(guī)范 GB 50010 混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計規(guī)范 GB 50011 建筑抗震設(shè)計規(guī)范 GB/T 50046 工業(yè)建筑防腐蝕設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn) GB 50119 混凝土外加劑應(yīng)用技術(shù)規(guī)范 GB 50135 高聳結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn) GB 50164 混凝土質(zhì)量控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn) GB 150204 混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程施工質(zhì)量驗收規(guī)范 GB 50212 建筑防腐蝕工程施工規(guī)范 GB/T 50448 水泥基灌漿材料應(yīng)用技術(shù)規(guī)范 GB 50666 混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程施工規(guī)范 JB/T 10045—2017 熱切割 質(zhì)量和幾何技術(shù)規(guī)范 JB/T 11218 風(fēng)力發(fā)電塔架 法蘭鍛件 JG/T 161 無粘結(jié)預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼絞線 JG/T 430 無粘結(jié)預(yù)應(yīng)力筋用防腐潤滑脂 JGJ/T 10 混凝土泵送施工技術(shù)規(guī)程 JGJ 18 鋼筋焊接及驗收規(guī)程 JGJ 55 普通混凝土配合比設(shè)計規(guī)程 JGJ 63 混凝土用水標(biāo)準(zhǔn) JGJ 85 預(yù)應(yīng)力筋用錨具、夾具和連接器應(yīng)用技術(shù)規(guī)程 JGJ/T 140 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn) JGJ/T 28l 高強(qiáng)混凝土應(yīng)用技術(shù)規(guī)程 JGJ 369 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計規(guī)范 NB/T 31082 風(fēng)電機(jī)組塔架用高強(qiáng)度螺栓連接副 NB/T 47013.2 承壓設(shè)備無損檢測 第2部分：射線檢測 NB/T 47013.3—2015 承壓設(shè)備無損檢測 第3部分：超聲檢測 NB/T 47013.4 承壓設(shè)備無損檢測 第4部分：磁粉檢測 NB/T 47013.5 承壓設(shè)備無損檢測 第5部分：滲透檢測 NB/T 47013.10 承壓設(shè)備無損檢測 第10部分：衍射時差法超聲檢測 NB/T 47014 承壓設(shè)備焊接工藝評定 NB/T 47015 壓力容器焊接規(guī)程 NB/T 47016 承壓設(shè)備產(chǎn)品焊接試件的力學(xué)性能檢驗 ISO 2808 色漆和清漆 漆膜厚度的測定(Paints and varnishes Determination of film thick ness) ISO 2813 色漆和清漆 在20°、60°和85°非金屬色漆漆膜鏡面光澤的測定(Paints and varnishes—Determination of gloss value at 20°，60° and 85°) ISO 3834 金屬材料熔化焊的質(zhì)量要求(Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials) ISO 4628(所有部分) 色漆和清漆 涂層老化的評定 缺陷的變化程度、數(shù)量和大小的規(guī)定(Paints and varnishes Evaluation of degradation of coatings—Designation of quantity and size of defects，and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance) ISO 9712 無損檢測 人員資格鑒定與認(rèn)證(Non-destructive testing—Qualification and certification of NDT personnel) ISO 12944 色漆和清漆 防護(hù)漆體系對鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的防腐蝕保護(hù)(Paints and varnishes—Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems) ISO 13588 焊縫的無損檢驗 超聲波檢驗 自動相控陣技術(shù)的使用(Non-destructive testing of welds—Ultrasonic testing—Use of automated phased array technology) ISO 14555 焊接 金屬材料的電弧螺柱焊(Welding—Arc stud welding of metallic materials) ISO 15614-1 金屬材料焊接工藝規(guī)程及評定 焊接工藝評定試驗 第1部分：鋼的電弧焊和氣焊、鎳及鎳合金的電弧焊(Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials Welding procedure test—Part 1：Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys) ISO/TR 17671-2 焊接 金屬材料焊接的推薦 第2部分：鐵素體鋼的電弧焊接(Welding Recommendations for welding of metallic materials—Part 2：Arc welding of ferritic steels) ISO 19840 色漆和清漆 防護(hù)涂料體系對鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的防腐蝕防護(hù) 粗糙面上干膜厚度的測量和驗收準(zhǔn)則(Paints and varnishes—Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems—Measurement of，and acceptance criteria for，the thickness of dry films on rough surfaces) EN 1991-1-4：2005 對結(jié)構(gòu)的作用 第1-4部分：一般作用 風(fēng)作用(Actions on structures—Part 1-4：General actions—Wind actions) EN 1993-1-6 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 第1-6部分：殼層結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性(Design of steel structures—Part 1-6：Strength and stability of shell structures) EN 1993-1-9 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 第1-9部分：疲勞度(Design of steel structures—Part 1-9：Fatigue) IIW-2259-15 焊接接頭和零部件的疲勞設(shè)計建議(Recommendations for Fatigue Design of Welded Joints and Components) 3 術(shù)語和定義 下列術(shù)語和定義適用于本文件。 3.1 塔架 tower 風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分，連接下部結(jié)構(gòu)和主機(jī)部分。 3.2 塔段 tower section 兩端以法蘭接觸面為界的鋼制塔架段。 3.3 縱焊縫 Iongitudinal weld 在卷制后的鋼板對接接口通過焊接形成的連續(xù)焊縫。 3.4 筒節(jié) tube 由具備特定形狀的鋼板經(jīng)過卷制及縱焊縫焊接形成的錐筒形或者直筒形的單個部件。 3.5 環(huán)焊縫 circumferential weld 在組對后的筒節(jié)與筒節(jié)、筒節(jié)與法蘭頸部的對接接口通過焊接形成的連續(xù)焊縫。 3.6 混凝土塔架 concrete tower 由預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土塔為主要受力體系的用于支撐風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組的結(jié)構(gòu)。 3.7 混凝土構(gòu)件 concrete element 根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范和設(shè)計圖紙，在工廠或現(xiàn)場預(yù)制、現(xiàn)澆成型，用于風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組塔架的混凝土塔架構(gòu)件。 3.8 混凝土筒節(jié) concrete tube 在工廠或現(xiàn)場預(yù)先生產(chǎn)制作完成或在拼裝平臺將混凝土構(gòu)件組拼而成的一節(jié)筒形構(gòu)件。 3.9 拼接縫 splice joint 裝配式混凝土塔架上下筒節(jié)間的水平接縫和左有構(gòu)件間的豎向接縫。 3.10 水平接縫 horizontal joint 裝配式混凝土塔架上下筒節(jié)間的拼接縫。 3.11 豎向接縫 vertical joint 裝配式混凝土塔架左右相鄰構(gòu)件間的拼接縫。 3.12 灌漿料 grouting material 用以連接拼接縫兩側(cè)構(gòu)件的黏結(jié)材料。 3.13 座漿料 seating material 涂抹于水平接縫上連接上下筒節(jié)的黏結(jié)材料。 3.14 預(yù)埋件 insert part 預(yù)先埋置在鋼筋混凝土內(nèi)的構(gòu)件。 3.15 預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋 prestressing tendon 用于混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件中，施加預(yù)應(yīng)力的鋼筋、鋼絲和鋼絞線的總稱。 4 符號和縮略語 4.1 符號 下列符號適用于本文件。 Asp——螺紋的應(yīng)力截面積 [mm2] b——焊頸厚度(一般指焊接的筒壁等厚度、) [mm] btot——法蘭寬度 [mm] c——焊縫預(yù)留坡口高度 [mm] cs——門框加勁肋寬度 [mm] E——塔架材料的彈性模量 [MPa] fR——正常運行范圍內(nèi)風(fēng)輪最大旋轉(zhuǎn)頻率 [Hz] f0,1——塔架(在整機(jī)狀態(tài)下)第一階固有頻率 [Hz] fR，m——m個風(fēng)輪葉片通過頻率 [Hz] fo，n——塔架(在整機(jī)狀態(tài)下)第n階固有頻率 [Hz] Fp，C——螺栓設(shè)計預(yù)緊力 [N] l——焊縫預(yù)留坡口到過渡圓半徑之間的距離 [mm] r——過渡圓半徑 [mm] t——塔筒壁厚 [mm] tf——法蘭厚度 [mm] ts——門框加勁肋厚度 [mm] ttot——包含焊頸的法蘭厚度 [mm] Z——塔架筒壁軸向力 [N] εtot——總應(yīng)變 [με] σhs——材料線彈性分析的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力 [N/m2] σy，d——材料的設(shè)計屈服強(qiáng)度 [MPa] σy，b——螺栓材料的設(shè)計屈服強(qiáng)度 [MPa] fc——混凝土抗壓強(qiáng)度設(shè)計值 [MPa] ft——混凝土抗拉強(qiáng)度設(shè)計值 [MPa] fck——混凝土抗壓強(qiáng)度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值 [MPa] ftk——混凝土抗拉強(qiáng)度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值 [MPa] fy——普通鋼筋抗拉、抗壓強(qiáng)度設(shè)計值 [MPa] fpy——預(yù)應(yīng)力筋抗拉設(shè)計值 [N/m2] fptk——預(yù)應(yīng)力筋抗拉強(qiáng)度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值 [MPa] Rd——構(gòu)件承載力設(shè)計值 [N] C——混凝土塔架達(dá)到正常使用要求所規(guī)定的變形、應(yīng)力、裂縫寬度和自振頻率等的限值 [N] 4.2 縮略語 下列縮略語適用于本文件。 GMNA 材料和幾何非線性 GMNIA 考慮缺陷的材料和幾何非線性 MNA 材料非線性 MT 磁粉檢測 PAUT 相控陣超聲檢測 PT 滲透檢測 PWI 作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書 RT 射線檢測 SN曲線 應(yīng)力-壽命曲線 TOFD 衍射時差法超聲波檢測 UT 超聲波檢測 VT 目視檢測 WPQR 焊接工藝評定報告 WPS 焊接工藝規(guī)程 5 設(shè)計原則 5.1 塔架的設(shè)計使用壽命不應(yīng)低于風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組的設(shè)計使用壽命。 5.2 塔架在規(guī)定的設(shè)計使用壽命內(nèi)應(yīng)滿足下列功能要求： ——在正常施工和使用時，能承受可能出現(xiàn)的各種載荷和作用； ——在正常使用時，具有良好的工作性能； ——在正常維護(hù)下，具有足夠的耐久性能； ——當(dāng)發(fā)生偶然事件時，結(jié)構(gòu)能保持整體穩(wěn)定性。 5.3 塔架載荷應(yīng)按照GB/T 18451.1的相關(guān)規(guī)定進(jìn)行計算分析。 5.4 塔架載荷除應(yīng)按照5.3進(jìn)行計算分析外，還應(yīng)考慮塔架和基礎(chǔ)傾斜引起的附加載荷，其中由安裝、制造和溫度等因素引起的塔架傾斜宜按5 mm/m計算，由基礎(chǔ)變形和不均勻沉降等因素引起的塔架傾斜宜按3 mm/m計算。 5.5 塔架的模態(tài)阻尼比應(yīng)通過測試或分析獲得，設(shè)計時可參考附錄A選取。 5.6 塔架設(shè)計應(yīng)選取所有設(shè)計工況中最不利的載荷工況組合進(jìn)行計算分析。 5.7 塔架設(shè)計應(yīng)考慮塔架吊裝、停機(jī)或不對風(fēng)時可能產(chǎn)生的渦激振動對塔架的影響，可根據(jù)EN 1991-1-4：2005附錄E的方法或其他具有相同安全水平的方法來進(jìn)行計算分析，計算分析時應(yīng)考慮塔架的一階渦激振動，必要時應(yīng)考慮二階及更高階的渦激振動。計算渦激振動時，不應(yīng)考慮氣動阻尼。 5.8 當(dāng)渦激作用造成的疲勞累積損傷不大于0.1時，可忽略其影響；當(dāng)渦激作用造成的疲勞累積損傷大于0.1時，應(yīng)與疲勞載荷造成的累積損傷疊加。可在塔架中添加破渦結(jié)構(gòu)破壞渦激形成或添加阻尼器減少渦激振動的影響。 5.9 塔架設(shè)計應(yīng)考慮耐久性影響，耐久性設(shè)計應(yīng)包括抗疲勞強(qiáng)度、抗震(有必要時)、抗蝕、運維要求等。 5.10 鋼制塔架設(shè)計應(yīng)進(jìn)行極限強(qiáng)度分析、疲勞強(qiáng)度分析和屈曲穩(wěn)定性；混凝土塔架設(shè)計應(yīng)進(jìn)行承載能力極限狀態(tài)分析和正常使用極限狀態(tài)分析，其中承載能力極限狀態(tài)分析應(yīng)包含疲勞分析。 5.11 塔架設(shè)計應(yīng)進(jìn)行整機(jī)狀態(tài)下的頻率分析，若其固有頻率與風(fēng)輪旋轉(zhuǎn)頻率及葉片通過頻率存在共振，應(yīng)采取軟件或硬件的措施，減小塔架振動和振幅。 5.12 塔架設(shè)計還應(yīng)考慮下列因素： ——輪轂中心高度； ——風(fēng)輪機(jī)艙組件質(zhì)量、重心位置、轉(zhuǎn)動慣量和風(fēng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速范圍； ——偏航結(jié)構(gòu)對頂法蘭的要求； ——基礎(chǔ)剛度、標(biāo)高及接口要求； ——工作溫度； ——運輸條件； ——生產(chǎn)能力； ——施工條件； ——電氣及其他設(shè)備接口。 5.13 塔架設(shè)計應(yīng)考慮防雷接地要求。 5.14 塔架附件的設(shè)計應(yīng)滿足操作人員和設(shè)備能安全地進(jìn)行安裝、維護(hù)和通行的要求，包括： ——必要的防墜落裝置等安全保護(hù)設(shè)施； ——導(dǎo)電軌或電纜固定設(shè)施； ——爬梯、護(hù)欄、平臺； ——照明及電氣設(shè)備安裝附件； ——門的密封持久耐用； ——必要時應(yīng)設(shè)有助爬器、提升機(jī)、免爬助力裝置、升降機(jī)等。 6 鋼制塔架 6.1 設(shè)計要求 6.1.1 總體要求 鋼制塔架設(shè)計應(yīng)以第5章為基礎(chǔ)，并應(yīng)根據(jù)GB/T 18451.1選取載荷局部安全系數(shù)、材料局部安全系數(shù)和失效后果局部安全系數(shù)，其中失效后果局部安全系數(shù)應(yīng)滿足GB/T 18451.1中二類零件的要求。 6.1.2 材料 6.1.2.1 塔架主體鋼板 塔架主體(包括筒體、法蘭、門框、拼焊法蘭)材料應(yīng)考慮塔架的強(qiáng)度、工作溫度、材料的工藝性及經(jīng)濟(jì)性，應(yīng)符合GB/T 700或GB/T 1591的規(guī)定。 鋼板的尺寸、外形及允許偏差應(yīng)符合GB/T 709的規(guī)定，厚度允許偏差不應(yīng)低于B級。 鋼板表面質(zhì)量應(yīng)符合GB/T 14977—2008規(guī)定的B類2級要求。 如鋼板厚度方向有性能要求，應(yīng)符合GB/T 5313—2010的規(guī)定。 如鋼板有超聲波檢測要求，至少應(yīng)符合NB/T 47013.3—2015中質(zhì)量分級Ⅱ級的規(guī)定。 鋼板材料的訂貨內(nèi)容、技術(shù)要求、試驗方法、檢驗規(guī)則、包裝、標(biāo)志、鋼印位置、質(zhì)量證明書等，應(yīng)符合GB/T 3274的規(guī)定，鋼板質(zhì)量證明書應(yīng)滿足GB/T 18253—2018中3.1的要求。 塔架制造所用鋼材的各項性能指標(biāo)應(yīng)符合設(shè)計文件要求。若需采用替代材料，應(yīng)由制造單位提出申請，并通過取樣試驗，表明所采用的替代材料滿足設(shè)計要求，經(jīng)設(shè)計單位確認(rèn)后方可執(zhí)行。 6.1.2.2 法蘭 法蘭用鋼應(yīng)符合GB/T 1591的規(guī)定，厚度方向性能(如要求)至少應(yīng)符合GB/T 5313—2010規(guī)定的Z25要求。超聲波檢測要求至少應(yīng)符合NB/T 47013.3—2015中質(zhì)量分級Ⅰ級的規(guī)定。 法蘭用鋼質(zhì)量等級不應(yīng)低于塔架簡體使用鋼材的質(zhì)量等級。法蘭應(yīng)為鍛件，鍛件用鋼應(yīng)采用爐外精煉、真空脫氣鋼錠或連鑄圓坯，不準(zhǔn)許使用連鑄板坯。 法蘭訂貨內(nèi)容、技術(shù)要求、取樣、試驗方法、檢驗規(guī)則、標(biāo)志、標(biāo)簽和隨行文件以及包裝、運輸和貯存應(yīng)符合JB/T 11218的規(guī)定。 6.1.2.3 焊接材料 用于塔架制造的焊接材料(焊條、焊絲、焊劑)應(yīng)符合GB/T 5117、GB/T 5118、GB/T 5293、 GB/T 8110、GB/T 10045的規(guī)定和設(shè)計要求，并應(yīng)具有有效質(zhì)量證明書。 用于塔架制造的焊接材料(焊條、焊絲、焊劑)應(yīng)與母材匹配，沖擊吸收能量不低于母材要求。 6.1.2.4 緊固件 用于塔架連接的緊固件用鋼及性能等級由設(shè)計單位根據(jù)GB/T 5782、GB/T 1228、GB/T 1231、GB/T 3098.1、GB/T 3098.2、GB/T 32076(所有部分)、NB/T 31082進(jìn)行選用，并在設(shè)計文件中明確其性能要求。 6.2 塔架的固有特性分析 塔架的固有特性分析應(yīng)考慮： ——一般情況下，固有頻率f0，n和激振頻率fR、fR，m之間應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)拈g隔，可根據(jù)公式(1)和公式(2)計算：